Investing in natural capital as management strategy in fisheries: The case of the Baltic Sea cod fishery

Many of today's fish stocks are officially managed following the precautionary approach. Yet, different political objectives and uncertainties among fishermen about their economic future make its implementation difficult. Over 75% of all commercially valuable stocks are exploited, overused, or collapsed and in a state of recovery [FAO, 2004. The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture. FAO, Rome. Managing fish stocks with an ecosystem-based approach is likely to stop the divestment of natural capital by combining sustainable use strategies with the preservation of marine ecosystems. Using the example of the Baltic Sea cod fishery, we show that a recovery program is economically and ecologically viable and reduces negative externalities. While policy makers must assist fishermen during the early years of the program, fishermen will experience greater landings and profits in subsequent years.     

Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Exploitation of the Arcto-Norwegian Cod Stock

A two-agent model for the exploitation of the Arcto-Norwegian cod stock is developed to investigate the economic benefits that can be realized from the resource, and the effect of exploitation on stock sustainability under cooperation and non-cooperation. The two agents are identified in this study as a trawl fishery versus a coastal fishery. Unlike in Munro (1979), where conflicts in the management strategies of agents arise from differences in the perceptions of the discount factor, fishing effort costs, and consumer preferences, here conflicts arise mainly from the differences in fishing gear and grounds, and the age group of cod targeted by the two agents. Using a game theoretic framework, we show that given available data, the optimum optimorum is obtained under cooperation with side payments and no predetermined harvest shares, in which case the coastal fishery buys out the trawl fishery. However, sensitivity analysis shows that if the price premium assumed for mature cod is taken away, the trawl fishery takes over as the producer of the optimum optimorum.     

A Health-Related Characterization of the Market for Snack Products

Two studies used survey data to characterize the market for snack foods. Findings indicate the segment of frequent snackers holds attitudes that are generally antithetical to activities that constitute a health-oriented lifestyle. Their involvement in acquiring and consuming healthful foods lags behind that of other persons. Their more general food-related behaviors and attitudes show that their lifestyle stands in relative opposition to sound nutritional practices. In contrast, the lifestyle of rare snackers is more nutrition-oriented. The characteristics of the occasional snackers lie intermediate to the other two segments. Demographics provide less hlep than lifestyle variables to understanding these segments of the market for snack foods.     

Highgrading in Quota-Regulated Fisheries: Evidence from the Icelandic Cod Fishery

A model with nonlinear discarding costs is developed for a fishery with an individual transferable quota (ITQ) program. The model shows that limited hold capacity and ITQs provide incentives to discard fish. The model is applied to the Icelandic ITQ-regulated cod fishery to test for highgrading and to predict the discarded quantities of different grades of fish. The results indicate that vessels are involved in highgrading, but there is no evidence of quota price-induced highgrading. The predicted total discarded quantities are 4.7% and 2.7% of total landings for gillnet and longline vessels, respectively. These correspond well with official biometric estimates.     

Parameter Uncertainty in CGE Modeling of the Environmental Impacts of Economic Policies

Political and economic factors usually determine the harvest sharesallotted to heterogeneous fisher groups harvesting upon the same fishstock. Given that the fishers harvest upon different segments of a fishstock with, for instance, cannibalistic tendencies, the shares allottedmay have considerable effect upon the well-being of the stock and theeconomics of the fishery. This paper analyses an existing allocationrule defining harvest shares allotted to two vessel groups (trawlers andcoastal vessels) in the Norwegian cod fishery. We apply a model with twointeracting age groups within a single fish stock, where the interactionhas both biological and economic implications. Requiring a first bestapproach to an optimal stock size results in no harvest in the firstyears studied. In order to ensure harvest amounts close to the historicharvest, we design a second best model giving optimal biological sharesin the build-up phase of the stock, and bioeconomic optimal shares atthe optimum fish stock level. The second best model recommends that foran increasing stock size the trawlers should obtain decreasing shares.We find that the actual allocation rule functions in a manner oppositeto the second best model, since this rule allocates an increasing shareto the trawlers for an increasing stock size.     

2D实值离散Gabor变换及其在图像变换编码中的应用

为了获取竞争优势,越来越多的我国企业确定了以客户为中心的发展战略.为了增加消费者满意度,这些企业开始重视企业内部供应链的策划和管理.而在西方发达国家的一些企业,其供应链的策划,已经完成了组织内部的供应链一体化阶段,上升到能够带来更大效益和满意度的企业间供应链一体化发展阶段.为了迎接我国加入WTO后的种种竞争压力,先天不足的我国企业必须克服种种困难,重新确定企业在供应链中的地位,尽快建立起一种新的企业间合作伙伴关系.     

Efficient Estimation of Hedonic Inverse Input Demand Systems

This article is concerned with efficient estimation of characteristics demand. We derive and estimate an inverse input demand system for quality characteristics by using 172,946 observations over 881 trading days in the Icelandic fish auctions. An improved estimation method based on an expanded random coefficient model is suggested as an alternative to the currently used two-stage method of Brown and Rosen . The estimates demonstrate the improved efficiency of the suggested method. A number of empirical results emerge, including a general increase in the demand for quality.