Pharmaceutical cost‐sharing systems and savings for healthcare systems from parallel trade

This paper studies the consequences of parallel trade in a two‐country model. It compares a coinsurance scheme (consumers pay a percentage of the drug price) and an indemnity insurance scheme (reimbursement is independent of the drug price) with respect to changes in copayments and public health expenditure. In the destination country, copayments for patients decrease to a larger extent under indemnity insurance, whereas reductions in public health expenditure occur only under coinsurance. In the source country, copayments increase less under coinsurance, whereas health expenditure is reduced more under indemnity insurance. In both countries, total expenditure under parallel trade is lower.     

论农业保险经营模式的选择--基于防范信息不对称之上的研究

信息不对称问题是阻碍农业保险经营与发展的重要障碍,在纯商业化形式不适用的情况下,单纯的政策性农业保险也难以化解此矛盾."互助合作 联合共保"农险经营模式可以充分发挥农业保险作为一项不可替代的经济补偿制度的作用.     

地震指数保险的帕累托最优赔付比例研究——以EQⅡ产品为例

EQⅡ是一种利用地震指数确定共同保险赔付比例的新型地震指数保险产品。本文基于巨灾经济损失分解的观点,推导出了帕累托最优EQⅡ保单设计的必要条件,并在CARA效用假设以及地震损失中个体差异的影响为伽马分布的条件下,得出了EQⅡ的帕累托最优赔付比例与地震指数之间的具体函数关系。最后利用中国大陆历年地震损失数据,分别对以地震震级和震中烈度作为指数的EQⅡ产品进行帕累托最优赔付比例体系的设计及定价。本文的研究结果表明,当前EQⅡ产品的保单设计符合帕累托最优的必要条件,并且风险管理能力稍弱的机构也可以根据自身风险偏好设计并发售满足帕累托最优条件的EQⅡ产品。此外,EQⅡ产品的帕累托最优赔付比例设计与地震区划中各区域的地震灾害特点和潜在的目标客户数量有关,因此本文建议EQⅡ的赔付比例应根据各区域地震灾害的具体情况分别进行设计。     

Optimal Insurance Design Under a Value-at-Risk Framework

This study designs an optimal insurance policy form endogenously, assuming the objective of the insured is to maximize expected final wealth under the Value-at-Risk (VaR) constraint. The optimal insurance policy can be replicated using three options, including a long call option with a small strike price, a short call option with a large strike price, and a short cash-or-nothing call option. Additionally, this study also calculates the optimal insurance levels for these models when we restrict the indemnity to be one of three common forms: a deductible policy, an upper-limit policy, or a policy with proportional coinsurance. JEL Classification No: G22     

中国企业集团关联交易：掏空支持 还是相互保险*

已有文献对于企业集团核心经济功能存在巨大争论，综合考虑掏空和支持互动机制有可能克服单一的掏空或支持视角研究的局限。本文实证考察了我国企业集团内部掏空和支持的时机选择、工具差异和经济后果，结果表明：当上市公司面临退市风险时，控股股东同时提供融资类和非融资类关联交易支持，而当控股股东陷入财务困境时，上市公司仅提供融资类关联交易支持，非对称存在的掏空支持互动机制构成集团内部成员间的相互保险。本文再利用证监会关联交易监管政策变动外生冲击开展的自然实验研究提供了补充证据，其政策含义在于监管当局应考虑制定关联交易的相机监管政策。\     

Liquidity Coinsurance and Bank Capital

Banks can deal with their liquidity risk by holding liquid assets (self‐insurance), by participating in interbank markets (coinsurance), or by using flexible financing instruments, such as bank capital (risk sharing). We use a simple model to show that undiversifiable liquidity risk, that is, the liquidity risk that banks are unable to coinsure on interbank markets, represents an important risk factor affecting their capital structures. Banks facing higher undiversifiable liquidity risk hold more capital. We posit that, empirically, banks that are more exposed to undiversifiable liquidity risk are less active on interbank markets. Therefore, we test for the existence of a negative relationship between bank capital and interbank market activity and find support in a large sample of U.S. commercial banks.     

一个森林保险模型及最优免赔额的确定

提出一种带有绝对免赔额和共保条款的森林保险模型。基于保险公司和投保林主均为风险厌恶型以及足额保险的假设,研究了共保条件下森林保险最优免赔额的确定问题。研究发现:1)对高低风险两种类型的投保林主来说,不同的免赔水平会对保险公司的行为产生不同影响;2)如果保险公司是风险中性的,最优保险合约下最优免赔额的确定完全由一阶条件决定。研究结果有助于设计出合理的保险合约。     

Fixed-Rate Endowment Mortgage and Mortgage Indemnity Valuation

We use a contingent claims framework for valuing the the default and prepayment embedded options in certain British fixed-rate endowment mortgages, with a (capped) mortgage indemnity guarantee (MIG). This methodology provides a template for the borrower, lender, and insurer to compare mortgage terms, including the fairness of contract rates, arrangement fees, prepayment penalties, any MIG premiums required, and co-insurance exposure. With empirical inputs, this model may eventually be useful as a mark-to-value proxy for all parties, as expected parameters change (especially interest rate and house price levels, and expected future volatilities), for purposes of determining valued added accounting, appropriate reserves, and indeed for setting premiums and business drivers. Fixed-rate endowment mortgages differ from fixed-rate repayment mortgages primarily because, in the event of early termination, the amount owed by the borrower is a function of the evolution of the term structure of interest rates, whereas for a repayment mortgage it is pre-determined. We compare endownment and repayment mortgages for different levels of loan-to-value ratios, interest rate and house price volatilities.     

(In)Efficient Interbank Networks

We study the efficiency properties of the formation of an interbank network. Banks face a trade-off by establishing connections in the interbank market. On the one hand, banks improve the diversification of their liquidity risk and therefore can obtain a higher expected payoff. On the other hand, banks not sufficiently capitalized have risk-shifting incentives that expose them to the risk of bankruptcy. Connecting to such risky banks negatively affects expected payoff. We show that both the optimal and the decentralized networks are characterized by a core-periphery structure. The core is made of the safe banks, whereas the periphery is populated by the risky banks. Nevertheless, the two network structures coincide only if counterparty risk is sufficiently low. Otherwise, the decentralized network is underconnected as compared to the optimal one. Finally, we analyze mechanisms that can avoid the formation of inefficient interbank networks.     

Changes in Background Risk and the Demand for Insurance

The demand for insurance against loss from a particular risky asset is likely to depend on other risks the decision-maker faces. For independently distributed other risks, referred to as background risk, Eeckhoudt and Kimball [1992] determine the effect on insurance demand of introducing background risk. Recently, Eeckhoudt, Gollier, and Schlesinger [1996] determine conditions on preferences such that first- and second-degree stochastic deteriorations in background risk lead to a decrease in the decision-maker's willingness to accept other risks. These results, although formulated in a general decision model, also apply to insurance demand. This article continues analysis of this question by determining the effect on insurance demand of several other general changes in background risk.