生态产品供给的内生动力机制释析 ——基于完整价值回报与代际价值回报的双重视角

研究目的：从生态产品完整价值回报和代际价值回报两个视角,应用资源价值构成理论和外部性理论,探究生态产品供给内生动力不足的原因以及提升内生动力的策略。研究方法：成本效益分析方法和情景模拟方法。研究结果：生态产品供给的内生动力缺失的原因在于供给主体缺乏合理的完整价值回报和代际价值回报：一方面,由于生态价值评价体系的缺失和地方政府的职责推诿抑制了生态价值的实现,部分地区人力资本和人造资本的短板约束了社会文化价值的实现;另一方面,缺失适用于生态产品供给的社会折现率体系和相关的代际补偿机制导致了生态产品供给在当前收益与未来收益间存在转换偏差,降低了供给行动的代际回报。研究结论：提升生态产品供给的内生动力可从两方面着手：一方面需要建立不同类型的价值评价体系,拓宽生态价值实现渠道,明晰政府在价值实现中的职责;另一方面需要建立符合生态产品特点的新代际折现率体系,参照新代际折现率和传统折现率核算得到的净现值差额制定代际补偿标准,探索考虑代际影响的代际金融产品,根据价值替代难度建立健全生态产品价值实现机制。     

生态标志及生态产品推广问题研究

在对生态标志与生态产品的概念和内涵进行梳理的基础上,通过针对生态标志认知以及生态产品消费情况的问卷调查,观察各类消费者的生态意识和生态消费行动,分析了生态产业的发展依赖于生态产品的推广和消费,生态标志的作用关键,并提出了推进产业生态化发展的建议.     

构建国际旅游岛环保标识法律制度的建议

环保标识制度是针对环境保护和可持续发展而设立的一项重要制度,具有保护环境和保障经济发展的双重价值。海南国际旅游岛环保标识法律制度的价值在于满足国际旅游岛建设发展和游客消费增长对环境保护的要求,保护好海南旅游环境,树立良好国际形象。在国际旅游岛的建设过程中,海南应建立自己的环保标识制度。     

生态产品价值实现:内涵、路径和现实困境

文章在梳理生态产品价值内涵的基础上,结合典型价值实现案例,阐释了生态产品价值实现的内涵及其主要路径,并对现阶段不同路径面临的现实困境提出完善建议。研究表明:(1)生态产品价值包括经济价值、生态服务价值和社会文化价值,现阶段生态产品价值实现的焦点和难点在于生态服务价值和社会文化价值。(2)市场主导型、政府主导型和生产要素参与分配型是实现生态产品价值的三种主要路径。(3)现阶段不同实现路径面临着差异化的困境,市场主导型缺乏完善的产权机制和交易价格机制,政府主导型缺乏完善的利益协调机制、有偿使用机制和财政补偿机制,生产要素参与分配型缺乏特色的经营模式和科学的收益分配机制。鉴于此,应从制度设计和生态产品价值核算体系两个维度加以完善。     

生态标签对消费者福利影响的理论模型研究

生态标签制度通过市场机制,刺激绿色产品的供求,影响产品的竞争条件,目前已成为重要的新贸易政策工具之一,显示出越来越大的影响力。文章发展了一个两国贸易模型,认为更严格的标签标准是否会提高本国消费者福利,这有赖于企业边际成本的增加程度与两国消费者加权环境质量感知的提高程度之差。如果前者大于后者,则本国标准趋严会提高本国所有产品的综合价格,降低外国所有产品的综合价格,则本国消费者福利降低,外国消费者福利提高;反之亦然。     

渔业生态标签制度的发展与问题

在如何提高渔业资源可持续利用水平这一国际背景下,FAO倡导创设渔业生态标签并提出了初步设想,随后MSC进一步丰富和发展了这一制度。实践证明,生态标签制度通过市场力量,有助于提高渔业从业者保护渔业资源和环境的意识,因而有助于渔业资源的可持续利用。本文旨在系统介绍渔业生态标签制度的基本理念、发展过程、应用情况及其引发的问题。     

欧盟绿色纺织品生态标签体系探析

欧盟生态纺织品标准的迅速提高,趋向越来越严格,特别是新版Oeko-Tex Standard 100和修订后的Eco-label标签,使我国现有的纺织服装生态标准与其规定的标准差距正在不断地拉大。文章对欧盟纺织品生态标签体系进行深入地研究分析,阐述国内外纺织品生态标签体系的现状和发展趋势,解读欧盟生态标签体系给我国纺织行业带来的影响和冲击,提出操作性强的对策和建议。     

Price Premiums for Eco-friendly Commodities: Are ‘Green’ Markets the Best Way to Protect Endangered Ecosystems?

‘Green’ markets represent a means through which public goods can be privately provided. A green product is an impure public good consisting of a private good (e.g., rain forest honey) bundled with a jointly produced public good (e.g., biodiversity protection). In the context of ecosystem protection, popular green commodities include eco-tourism excursions, coffee grown under forest canopies (‘shade-grown’), tagua nuts for buttons and ornaments, rainforest nuts and oils for cosmetic products, and rain forest honey. We examine the dynamic efficiency of eco-friendly price premiums in achieving ecosystem protection and rural welfare goals by contrasting the use of price premiums to the use of payments that are tied directly to ecosystem protection. We demonstrate analytically and empirically that direct payments are likely to be more efficient as a conservation policy instrument. Depending on the available funds, the direct payments may be better or worse than green price premiums in achieving rural welfare objectives. If direct payments are not feasible for social or political reasons, we demonstrate analytically and empirically that the price premium approach is likely to be more effective at achieving conservation and development objectives than the currently more popular policy of subsidizing capital acquisition in eco-friendly commercial activities.     

The influence of eco-label knowledge and trust on pro-environmental consumer behaviour in an emerging market

Consumers are increasingly concerned about the negative environmental implications of purchasing goods, which in turn shape their behaviour. Yet, there are indications that consumers do not always act on these concerns, causing an attitude–behaviour gap. For consumers to make ecologically responsible purchases, they need relevant product environmental information. Therefore, marketers and firms are increasingly integrating more detailed environmental information in their offerings, including eco-labels with externally validated information. This study integrates consumers’ knowledge and trust in eco-labels with their environmental knowledge to determine how these affect pro-environmental consumer behaviour (PECB). The findings suggest environmental and eco-label knowledge is positively associated with attitudes towards the environment, and that positive environmental attitudes and trust in eco-labels affect PECB. This implies that firms, policy-makers and accreditation organisations (i.e. labelling) can educate consumers about eco-labels and the environment to increase PECB. Such strategies will also build consumer knowledge and trust in eco-labels, necessary for facilitating PECB.     

The signalling effect of eco-labels in modern coastal tourism

As the demand for environmentally sustainable tourism grows, eco-labels are becoming increasingly popular as a signal of environmental quality. However, the existence of a causal link between awarding a seaside eco-label and the increase in tourism flows is still under discussion in the literature. In this article, we gauge the signalling impact of a specific eco-label, the Blue Flag award, using detailed data on tourism flows to seaside Italian destinations during the period 2008–2012. We adopt a recent econometric modelling strategy – the synthetic control method – in shaping estimation results and testing the sensitivity and robustness of our results. We find that being awarded the Blue Flag increases the flow of domestic tourists for up to three seasons after assignment. However, we find no effect for the flow of international tourists. Investigating the mechanisms driving the results, we find that the award of a Blue Flag only positively affects the flow of domestic tourists when it is used as a driver of organisation, coordination and integrated management of the tourism supply.