Private label shoppers between fast fashion trends and status symbolism – A customer characteristics investigation

The question who the private label prone consumer is has received a lot of attention in research. While we so far have a good understanding of the private label shopper in the grocery industry, there is limited research in other industries. We assess private label shopper characteristics as a driver of private label choice using a unique data set of an online only fashion retailer covering 68,147 women shoes consumers in Germany. Fashion consumers are faced with a tradeoff between price and seasonality of fashion items as discounts are used to sell last season's stock. We find that private label choice is positively influenced by price orientation and less by discount proneness. Thus, private label shoppers are rather a fashion savvy segment focusing on buying more in season but at a lower price.     

Consumers’ willingness-to-pay for food safety labels in an emerging market: The case of fresh produce in Thailand

Food safety systems in emerging markets are currently facing a transformation period, becoming more stringent because of an increasing demand for safer food. Consequently, policy makers need to find strategies to increase food safety while giving the industry time to improve their performance. In Thailand, policy makers have adopted the strategy of upgrading food safety standards gradually. Government and private food safety brands and labels were introduced onto the market but little is known whether Thai consumers have preferences for them or not. This study is aimed at evaluating Thai consumers’ preferences for food safety labels and brands on fresh produce, using a surveyed based on discrete-choice experiments. A sample of 350 Thai consumers was surveyed in Bangkok and Nonthaburi in 2013. Quota sampling according to the shopping outlets and convenience sampling methods were adopted. Two hundred respondents were recruited at fresh-food markets and 150 respondents were recruited at supermarkets. We found that consumers are willing-to-pay more for both government led food safety label and private brands, but that there is high heterogeneity in their preferences. The high degree of social desirability for food safety labels confirms that food safety labelling policy should be supported. However, the provision of information and credibility are vital in order to mitigate the risk of consumer deception by self-claimed labels.     

Understanding premium private labels: A consumer categorisation approach

Worldwide premium private labels (PPLs) are a new and rapidly growing phenomenon. However to date, little is known about consumers' perceptions of these newer entrants relative to other brand types. Therefore it is difficult for marketers to understand the opportunities and threats created by this new generation of brands. This study examines the ways in which consumers categorise PPLs compared to more traditional value private labels (VPLs) and national brands (NBs) on the three dimensions of quality, value for money and trust. The data includes seven packaged goods categories in three countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The findings show that PPLs sit on a separate island, in between VPLs and NBs in consumer memory. While consumers generally view PPLs as a separate subgroup of brands, PPL are connected to other subgroups in that they are perceived to have the value characteristics of VPLs but quality characteristics of NBs. Finally, consumers with past experience with VPLs have a stronger ability to categorise PLs into distinct brand tiers.     

贵州省福泉市仙桥小黄姜营养成分分析

采用国家标准方法对福泉市仙桥乡10处不同土地种植的小黄姜和其他两种生姜的主要营养成分、微量元素进行对比分析。结果表明,福泉市仙桥小黄姜中的主要营养成分和微量元素含量丰富,其中灰分、蛋白质、脂肪、铁、锌、硒的含量明显高于其他两个生姜品种。     

产品碳足迹及其国内外发展现状

气候变化已成为可持续发展的重要议题。低碳经济、低碳生活的号召下,产品生产及消费对环境的影响已渐渐引起人们的重视。产品碳足迹分析有助于企业真正了解产品对气候变化的影响,并由此采取可行的措施减少供应链中的碳排放。对碳足迹、产品碳足迹及产品碳足迹标识的相关概念进行介绍,分析国内、外有关产品碳足迹的发展现状和发展趋势。对社会普及碳足迹概念和引导更多中国企业实施产品碳足迹起到促进作用。     

A policy analysis to promote conservation and use of small millet underutilized species in India

Despite the important role of Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) in diversifying agriculture, supporting traditional farming systems and improving food and nutritional security particularly in marginal lands, very little attention is being paid to their mainstreaming in national policies and institutions. Based on a detailed review of the regulatory frameworks governing the conservation, sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of plant genetic resources and the circulation and registration of seeds and improved varieties, this paper discusses the extent to which the measures in place in India may favour or affect the conservation and use of NUS. In addition to these frameworks, in view of the major change realized by the 2013 National Food Security Act which has included coarse cereals in the country’s Public Distribution System (PDS), the paper also incorporates this latest policy in its analyses. A special focus is given to small millets, a group of species with unexploited economic and nutritional potential but extremely important for marginal communities’ food security and livelihoods. A set of policy recommendations and opportunities to explore are proposed to address the identified constraints with the purpose of creating a more supportive policy environment and enhancing the national capacity to promote NUS.     

Energy‐milk price transmission at the product brand level

This article estimates the pass‐through rates between diesel fuel and retail milk prices at the product brand level. Using a random coefficient logit demand model and taking the direct and indirect impacts of energy prices, this research identifies changes in pass‐through rates before and after the great recession in 2008. Empirical results show that diesel prices significantly impacted the retail prices of milk products and are an important determinant of food price inflation. Pass‐through rates are estimated to range from 0.16 to approximately 0.60 through 2008 with an average of 0.22 for the whole period. Statistical tests indicate that pass‐through rates before June 2008 were significantly higher than after June 2008 when they dropped significantly to 0.04 to 0.17. Interestingly, private label brands have the lowest pass‐through rates, implying that compared to manufacturer brands, private label prices are more insulated from diesel price shocks.     

三种IP VPN技术实现方案的比较研究

VPN是企业内部网在因特网等会共网络上的延伸。通过一个私用的通道采建立一个安全的私有连接,将运程用户、公司分支机构、公司的业务伙伴等跟公司的内部网连接起来。构成一个扩展的公司企业网。通过虚拟专用网络既实现了传统专用网络所需的性能,同时相对于传统的专用网络又大大降低了网络的运营成本。对VPN技术的原理进行分析研究,可以充分发挥其优势,为企业的现代化管理与经营服务。     

浅论我国地理标志产品的法律保护——通过鲶鱼标识判例进行分析

文章通过对美国鲶鱼标识贸易保护的判例分析，研究鲶鱼标识的立法和司法的相互结合、互为补充的运作机制，吸取鲶鱼标识判例中体现的立法原则和精神，为我国地理标志产品保护以及相关技术法规的立法和实施工作提供参考。     

COOPERATION: THE POWER OF A SINGLE WORD? SOME EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ON WORDING AND GENDER EFFECTS IN A GAME OF CHICKEN

Framing has been widely shown to affect decision making. In this paper, we investigate experimentally whether, and to what extent, cooperative behaviour in a Game of Chicken may be impacted by a very basic change in the labelling of the strategies. Our within‐subject experimental design involves two treatments. The only difference between them is that we introduce either a socially‐oriented wording (I cooperate/I do not cooperate) or colours (red/blue) to designate strategies. The level of cooperation appears to be higher in the socially‐oriented context, but only when uncertainty as regards the type of the partner is manipulated, and especially among females.