马克斯·韦伯的社会科学研究方法论探析

韦伯的研究方法包含着三个有机的组成部分,即价值关联、理想类型和价值中立。韦伯方法论学说的意义在于:从方法论的整体主义走向个体主义,从寻求社会规律本质上的因果关系到发现个别社会现象的多因果关系,从追求社会科学功用的全能期望到有意识的自我限制。     

History and Class Consciousness. Studies in Marxist Dialectics

Max Weber and Thorstein Veblen were two of the major contributors in the field of economics and sociology in the beginning of twentieth century. This paper argues that the works of both authors underline a "rationalization process" that occured in Western societies. We compare the respective analyses of Weber and Veblen on this subject. Despite a formal similarity, the analysis manifests some major divergences concerning the nature and the significance of the rationalization process. We suggest that the major divergences originate in the philosophical and epistemological foundations of the work of each author.     

浅析米塞斯对经济科学的重建：基于韦伯的方法论视角

马克思·韦伯与米塞斯都是德语世界中对社会科学有卓越贡献的学者,他们不仅仅私交甚好,而且在思想上尤其是方法论上也有许多相互倾慕之处。但是,至今也很少有学者从韦伯的方法论这一视角来审视米塞斯的经济学方法论思想及其他所倡导的人类行为科学的重建。本文试图探讨韦伯的方法论思想与米塞斯独特的经济学方法论及其后来极力倡导人类行为学的先验观点之间的关系。一方面介绍韦伯所提出的客观性、理想类型和“理解”的方法对米塞斯重建经济科学之思想的影响,另一方面也阐明米塞斯对韦伯方法论的一些不同意见．并基于批判性的吸取韦伯的这些方法论观点的同时。继承和发展门格尔理论与历史的二分法,从而试图重建纯理论性的经济科学——“人类行为学”。     

全球变暖背景下云南省橡胶林潜在适生区的预测及变化

目的 揭示全球变暖对云南省橡胶林适生区的影响,为云南橡胶产业的健康发展提供一定的参考及支持。方法 文章以云南省橡胶林物种分布数据,气候、地形、土壤等环境变量数据为基础,运用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）,确定对云南省橡胶林分布有显著影响的主导环境因子,分析当代气候条件下云南省橡胶林适生区的分布特征,并预测未来气候变暖对云南省橡胶林适生区分布的影响。结果 （1）对云南省橡胶林分布有显著影响的主导环境因子共5项,以12月平均最高气温（51.2%）居首,其余4项依次为5月平均降雨量（10.2%）、年降雨量（9.4%）、坡度（8.8%）、1月最低气温（8.5%）。（2）云南省橡胶林适生区集中分布于西双版纳、德宏和临沧等地区,红河、普洱和保山亦有零星分布,总适生区约占云南国土面积的5.32%,且总体上,高适生区（1.44%）居中,其外侧环绕中适生区（1.25%）,再外侧环绕低适生区（2.63%）。（3）RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下,云南省橡胶林总适生区面积均呈增加趋势,分别达到云南国土面积的13.96%、19.04%,高排放情景下的增幅更加明显。（4）两种排放情景下橡胶林总适生区的质心均沿西南—东北方向,向海拔和纬度更高的无量山、哀牢山方向迁移,且高排放情景下迁移距离更远。结论 气温变化对云南省橡胶林适生区分布影响显著,在气候变暖的情况下,橡胶林适生区面积趋于更大,且质心朝着高海拔、高纬度地区移动。在考虑气温作为主导因子的情况下,橡胶林的种植区可进一步向高海拔、高纬度区域扩展。     

Confucian Entrepreneurship: Towards a Genealogy of a Conceptual Tool

The concept of the ‘Confucian Entrepreneur’ is now used by many scholars to understand entrepreneurship in China and other East Asian countries. This paper traces the development of this concept from its roots in the writings of nineteenth-century Western authors to its use in modern management journals. We show that while this conceptual tool has been adapted over time, the claims associated with it have remained largely similar. Use of the term Confucian entrepreneur implies belief that Confucian ideas induce Chinese entrepreneurs to behave differently than their Western counterparts, a claim for which the empirical foundations are weak. We do not go so far as to say that those who research Chinese entrepreneurship should discard the concept of the Confucian entrepreneur simply because of its historical origins in colonialism. However, we do call on researchers to reflect on the historical origins of their conceptual tools. By historicising our theories of entrepreneurship, this paper should encourage greater scholarly reflexivity and thus the development of entrepreneurship and management theory with greater predictive power.     

Normative and positive theories of public finance: contrasting Musgrave and Buchanan

This paper assesses James M. Buchanan's claim of following a positive approach in stark contrast to the normative approach to public finance of Richard A. Musgrave. The goal of this paper is to shed light on the foundations of modern American public finance by analysing one aspect of the methodology of its two most prominent fathers. I show (1) that it is difficult to distinguish Musgrave's and Buchanan's theories of public goods along the positive/normative dividing line and (2) that Buchanan's theory can also be considered normative. In the first three parts, I follow the Weberian methodological tradition in looking for value judgements in the theories, and by reflecting on the nature of ideal types. In the last part, I propose a broader interpretation of Buchanan's methodological stance within the academic context of the 1960s.     

‘Accountable creatures’: Scottish Presbyterianism,accountability and managerial capitalism

Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism remains a seminal text for social theory and economic and social history. Weber suggests a general relationship between religious belief and economic action. We argue that only by examining the practices of individuals and institutions can we adequately address Weber's question. Specifically, we re-examine the role of the confessional diary and Church governance practices as forms of accountability. Accountability practices were central to Scottish Presbyterian churches and made an important contribution to the development of managerial capitalism. This article is both a response to and a development of Sam McKinstry and Y.Y. Ding's micro-history of Charles Cowan and the business practices of his family's papermaking firm.     

浅析米塞斯对经济科学的重建:基于韦伯的方法论视角

马克思·韦伯与米塞斯都是德语世界中对社会科学有卓越贡献的学者,他们不仅仅私交甚好,而且在思想上尤其是方法论上也有许多相互倾慕之处.但是,至今也很少有学者从韦伯的方法论这一视角来审视米塞斯的经济学方法论思想及其他所倡导的人类行为科学的重建.本文试图探讨韦伯的方法论思想与米塞斯独特的经济学方法论及其后来极力倡导人类行为学的先验观点之间的关系,一方面介绍韦伯所提出的客观性、理想类型和"理解"的方法对米塞斯重建经济科学之思想的影响,另一方面也阐明米塞斯对韦伯方法论的一些不同意见,并基于批判性的吸取韦伯的这些方法论观点的同时,继承和发展门格尔理论与历史的二分法,从而试图重建纯理论性的经济科学--"人类行为学".     

“现代企业制度”未能从中国自发生成的深层原因——一个马克思主义经济学的视角

从马克思主义经济学来看,"现代企业制度"未能从中国自发生成的深层原因主要有三:一是单一小农经济结构与劳动分工协作发展的滞缓;二是封建专制制度与经济社会生活自由度的低下;三是产权尤其是劳动力所有权在观念和制度保障上的缺失