Reference points for measuring social performance: Case study of a social business venture

We present a longitudinal qualitative case study to elaborate on how a social venture forms reference points for social performance. Although organizations increasingly use various social performance targets to direct their operations, the scholarly knowledge on social performance reference points remains limited. We make use of the prior accounting literature and draw on the idea of compromising accounts to discuss how provisional and performative metrics can have a significant role in how organizations develop new ways to evaluate their social performance. Given that the social performance reference point criteria are ambiguous and the corresponding referents malleable, performative accounts are helpful as they can intervene in the organizational life by making particular things visible, providing space for interpretations, and facilitating discussion, thus creating temporary settlements and enabling opportunities for productive compromises between different organizational groups and evaluative principles. The recursive feedback loops between reference point referents, criteria and accounting artefacts help the organization to make sense of its own social performance and interpret the associated performance feedback, and thereby provide ground for organizational decisions on further action. Moreover, we discuss how imperfect accounts can be useful for social businesses in their pursuit of developing their activities and achieving social impact.     

研究与借鉴:关于国际审计报告准则修订征求意见稿

阐述IAASB2003年12月发布的对国际审计报告准则进行修订的征求意见稿的主要修订方面并对其进行归纳与分析,指出其进步与不足之处;同时探讨其对我国不断改进审计报告准则的参考意义以及审计准则国际化趋势对我国的影响。     

FASB公允价值计量准则的制定及其框架

金融工具和衍生金融工具的产生和发展,使公允价值日益受到会计学术界和实务界的广泛关注。公允价值的实施必须解决其计量问题,FASB在2004年推出的公允价值计量准则征求意见稿引起了美国社会各界的强烈反响。经过反复讨论,FASB在2005年发布了准则草案,并计划在2006年正式发布公允价值计量准则。本文主要介绍FASB公允价值计量准则草案的基本框架。     

美国商业银行内部控制制度及其对我国的启示

随着我国经济的不断高速发展，金融银行业在国民经济中的地位和重要性也日趋凸现，本文从我国国有商业银行内部控制制度的现状分析入手，详细介绍了美国商业银行内控的基本理论，并以此为依据．提出了建立、健全我国商业银行内部控制制度的方法和措施，从而对我国商业银行的发展起到一定的借鉴作用。     

How do institutional market players matter in farmland pricing?

In this paper we analyse how institutional sellers within the privatisation process shape price formation in agricultural land markets by taking the German reunification as an example. These institutions sell the formerly state owned land within first-price sealed bid auctions, publish calls and obtained prices, and are hypothesised to exploit their market power. Based on the conceptual framework of hedonic pricing models, we use a spatio-temporal modelling approach to empirically quantify these impacts. We thereby control for land productivity characteristics, potential buyers and whether farmers purchase the land. We find that privatisation agencies sell at significantly higher prices, while one agency sells at lower prices to farmers.     

Price promotion with reference price effects in supply chain

We consider the price promotion in a supply chain comprising one manufacturer and one retailer, who take into account the reference price effects of consumers. The problem is analyzed as a manufacturer-lead Stackelberg game. The results indicate that reference price effects could mitigate “double marginalization” effects, and improve the channel efficiency. We also show that the optimal price promotion benefits the manufacturer, retailer and consumers in consumer promotion model. Furthermore, we provide the conditions under which the retailer has an interest in offering price promotion to consumers. Finally, we employ numerical analysis to demonstrate more managerial insights.     

A reference-dependent representation with subjective tastes

Experimental and empirical evidence documents instances where the presence of an inferior option in a menu increases the attractiveness of the better options from that menu and thus distorts the normative ranking across menus. We analyze the case when in addition to this so called context-effects bias there is also a concern for flexibility, in the spirit of the literature initiated by Kreps (1979) and Dekel et al. (2001). Since the context-effects bias and the desire for flexibility both increase the inclination of a decision maker to choose larger menus, our analysis allows the disentangling of the effect of the behavioral bias from the effect of the rational desire from flexibility. We find a weak condition on the set of ex post preferences under which the two effects are identifiable. We show that our representation is essentially unique. From a methodological viewpoint, our paper provides a novel technique of identifying probabilities on the state space of subjective uncertainty introduced by Dekel et al. (2001) when this state space is infinite. This method renders the infinite state space essentially finite with respect to a certain salient property.     

If you,tourist, behave irrationally,I’ll find you!

When departures from rational behavior can potentially be expected, modeling should allow for their identification and their quantification. In this regard, prices in tourism might have effects that may not be as apparent as economic theory predicts. This article incorporates the sticker shock formulation into the mixed logit model without imposing consistency with consumer theory to accommodate any possible positive or negative price effects. By allowing the parameters of “price” and “sticker shock term” to take any value – negative or positive – we detect abnormal behaviors in the tourist demand: not only is the negative relationship between price and demand inverted for some people but also some tourists might be willing to accept higher-than-expected prices. The “non-well-behaved” groups' shares are estimated.     

我国寿险投资问题分析及国际借鉴

我国保险业近年来飞速发展,但是保险资金存在着运用比重低、结构不合理等诸多问题.本文分析了我国寿险投资的现状和存在的问题,并同时与国际寿险公司投资的做法进行比较,提出了应该采取的风险管理对策.     

台湾地区房屋土地保有环节税收情况

台湾地区对土地和房屋分别征税,在保有和交易环节分别设置税种。本文在介绍台湾地区房屋、土地保有环节税收情况的基础上,对大陆地区房地产税收征管工作提出了几点建议。