水处理生物学的多媒体教学

进行“水处理生物学”教学时,恰当地运用多媒体技术、合理地设计课件内容,才能制作出高质量的课件;运用多媒体教学,精心组织安排教学过程,才能取得良好的教学效果。     

三氯化铝改性硅藻土处理水溶性印染废水

对以水溶性染料为主的废水,用三氯化铝改性的硅藻土进行了脱色和去除CODcr的实验研究结果表明,用三氯化铝改性的硅藻土投加量为0.8 g/L,控制pH在7.0～8.0范围内,搅拌转速在200～260r/min范围内,搅拌15 min沉淀90 min后,则色度和CODcr去除率分别达到98%和92%以上,出水色度和CODcr达到了《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 4287—92)一级排放标准。     

Economic and environmental performance of wastewater treatment plants: Potential reductions in greenhouse gases emissions

Sanitation and wastewater treatment are essential for protecting human health and environmental sustainability. Treatment processes are not free of environmental impacts; consequently assessment of the environmental performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has gained interest in recent years. Unlike other methods, a direct approach is followed to estimate environmental performance indicators (EPIs) using data envelopment analysis (DEA), i.e. an index of overall performance is directly obtained. The present study represents pioneering work to integrate environmental impacts in the assessment of the efficiency of WWTP estimating pure (PEPI) and mixed (MEPI) environmental performance indices for a sample of 60 Spanish WWTPs. Both direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were considered as undesirable outputs. The best functioning WWTPs to be used as references were identified, and the potential for GHG reductions was quantified. A second-stage analysis was conducted to isolate factors affecting WWTP environmental performance. The results of this study are valuable for WWTP operators and policy makers, since the benchmark procedure allows support for environmental and managerial decision-making.     

用于污水处理企业管理的软控制系统方法

市场环境下城市污水处理厂面临的要求日趋严格,稳定、安全、经济运行的企业生产特征也为自身的管理能力提出了系统化的要求。为此,基于统计过程控制原理及有关的统计分析工具,本文提出了相对于污水处理硬件系统的软控制系统思想及实现方法。实例表明,软控制方法能够发现、跟踪影响系统稳定运行的主要因素,为实施进一步的控制方案并制订后续决策目标提供支持。     

绿碳化硅磨料微粉加工废水处理研究

针对绿碳化硅磨料微粉加工废水特点，采用实验室配水方案进行水处理研究，并最终得到最优的工艺参数，混凝处理出水指标如下：SS为54mg／L；pH为6．12；色度4倍。达到排放指标pH6-9；SS〈70mg／L；色度〈50，达到广东省污水排放一级标准。     

Effects of permitted effluent limits on environmental compliance levels

This paper empirically analyzes the effects of permitted effluent limits on compliance levels - discharges relative to limits - at individual polluting facilities. In particular, it constructs and employs effluent limit-related regressors that measure the differences between the actual effluent limit level imposed on a particular facility for a given month and three benchmarks: federally-mandated standard for effluent limit level, a particular facility's average effluent limit level over a specified period (e.g., entire sample period), and preceding monthly limit at a particular facility (i.e., transition to new limit). By examining the effects of effluent limit levels as measured relative to these three benchmarks, this paper explores whether limit stringency affects compliance level choices (e.g., more stringent limits undermine compliance), whether adjustments to treatment are non-smooth (“lumpy”), and whether quick adjustments are difficult. Evidence of these possibilities would have meaningful implications for environmental protection policies.     

含油污水的生化处理工艺

油田在开采原油及油气处理过程中,伴生有大量含油污水,处理不好,不仅污染环境,而且浪费资源;处理得当,则节能又环保。因此,含油污水的处理对于保护水资源、维持生态平衡和促进经济发展都有重要的意义。在众多的处理技术工艺之中,生化处理工艺逐渐显示出它独特的优势。     

中国城市污水处理设施市场化改革路径研究

城市污水处理市场化改革的政策设计应坚持“厂网分开”的原则,城市排水管网的建设投资仍由政府承担,但管网的运营可以委托专业公司进行市场化运营;城市污水处理厂的建设、运营应全面引入社会资本进行系统的市场化设计。     

Impact of irrigation water quality on human health: A case study in India

Untreated or partially treated wastewater, which is a negative externality of urban water use, is widely used for irrigation in water scarce regions in several countries including India. While the nutrients contained in the wastewater is considered as beneficial to agriculture, the contaminants present in it pose environmental and health risks. This paper examines the morbidity status, its determinants as well as the cost of illness for households living in the areas irrigated with wastewater in comparison with those using normal quality water. Primary data collected from six villages irrigated with wastewater along Musi River which is fed with wastewater and one control village where normal quality water is used for irrigation has been used for the analysis.It is seen that higher rates of morbidity exist in the wastewater irrigated villages when compared to the control village. Specifically, adult and female morbidity rates are significantly higher than child and male morbidity rates. From the logit analysis it is seen that exposure to wastewater and engagement in activities based on it places the households in higher risk groups to report morbidity. Small and marginal farmers incur higher economic cost of illness. However, it has been difficult to ascertain the cause and effect relationship as most of the households have reported more common illnesses like fever, head ache, skin itching, stomach ailments, etc. The study points out the need for a comprehensive risk assessment and adoption of risk management measures including setting standards for treatment and discharge of wastewater and regulations on the type of uses etc. to prevent unplanned use of untreated or partially treated wastewater while taking into account local conditions.     

The global economic costs of the need to treat polluted water

We estimate the global costs and other implications of the need to treat wastewater before it can be re-used. We extend the World Trade Model by creating water treatment sectors and provide alternative sources of water for satisfying users’ quantity and quality requirements. The database distinguishes qualities and quantities of water endowments, sectoral water requirements, and wastewater discharges. We estimate that global water treatment costs could be reduced by several trillion dollars if water endowments were maintained at higher quality than currently is the case. Under scenarios where water quality degrades further, the treatment costs more than double even without taking account of likely increases in quality requirements. This modeling framework provides a starting point not only for more detailed empirical investigations of water management strategies, but also for examining prospects and associated costs for recovering other resources, such as metals, which can be reused multiple times.