Wetland mitigation banking: Negotiations with stakeholders in a zone of ecological-economic viability

Wetland mitigation banking (WMB) is an organizational form that attempts to balance the ecological goals of wetland conservation and the economic goals of development with the aim of improving the implementation of wetland offsetting. Given the resulting tension, it is important to understand how the way stakeholders employ the WMB regulatory framework affects the goal of No Net Loss of wetlands. In this study, we interviewed WMB stakeholders in Florida in the United States to identify their strategies during negotiations around different aspects of defining wetland mitigation credits (e.g. service areas, types of credit and credit release schedules). Using the approach of New Institutional Economics, we found that within a framework of well-defined rules that nonetheless allow flexibility, WMB enables a field of action for negotiating within a zone of ecological-economic viability – in part due to the stakeholders’ interest in maintaining a good reputation in this field. Outside of this zone of viability a wetland mitigation bank proposal collapses for economic or ecological reasons.     

江西三爪仑旅游资源开发研究

三爪仑是国家AAAA级景区,江西省唯一的国家示范森林公园,拥有丰富的旅游资源.但目前三爪仑景区旅游开发层次低,以湿地漂流为主的旅游产品容易受到气候的制约,漂流区周边的旅游资源未被合理开发利用.针对三爪仑旅游开发中存在的问题,本文设计了三条旅游产品线路—生态之旅、漂流之旅、宗教之旅,以期提升三爪仑旅游开发的层次,促进地区...     

天津市七里海湿地土地利用结构优化配置

研究目的:研究兼顾生态效益和经济效益的天津市七里海湿地土地利用结构优化配置,为促进区域可持续发展提供依据。研究方法:运用多目标优化模型,将生态承载力、生态绿当量和经济效益作为生态效益和经济效益双优化表征,研究土地利用结构优化配置。研究结果:采用该方法获取的土地利用结构优化配置结果表明,研究区的土地利用结构得到优化,经济效益和生态效益得以兼顾,有利于当地实现持续健康发展。研究结论:利用多目标优化模型不但能够较好地协调利益相互竞争的多种目标,而且优化算法具有可靠的数学基础,可以成为区域土地利用结构优化的主要方法。     

辽河三角洲湿地景观格局脆弱性变化

目前湿地开发利用日益加剧,本文结合全局自相关、局部自相关进行空间关联分析的研究方法进行分析。虽然辽河三角洲区域脆弱度逐渐减弱,仍有部分地区存在高脆弱度值。数据表明2015年低脆弱度区基本覆盖整个辽河三角洲区域。     

连云港西双湖湿地公园植物景观营造技术

以西双湖湿地公园为例,通过植物资源调查研究,总结出其植物景观存在的问题。遵循湿地植物景观营造的原则,针对不同功能分区的生态要求,从生态、景观角度综合考虑,对湿地公园的植物景观营造进行了探索与分析,以期为连云港市湿地公园的植物景观营造提供指导。     

黄河河口湿地信息遥感提取研究

本文通过几何校正、图像选取以及图像增强等方式进行了遥感影像的预处理,为准确地提取湿地信息提供了数据基础.在舍弃单纯的传统监督分类和非监督分类的前提下提出了一种利用分层提取地物信息的新方法:即,首先根据地物的光谱特征采用模型法对有水的湿地进行提取,然后用非监督分类对其它湿地类型进行提取,最终得到了湿地类型分布图及其相应的面积.     

南四湖生态旅游开发模式初探

南四湖区自然条件优越，湿地资源丰富，开展生态旅游将有利于南四湖这一国内重要湿地的保护及促进湖区湿地生态、经济和社会的可持续发展。本文初步研究了南四湖区开展湿地生态旅游的优势和湿地生态旅游的功能分区及内容设计。     

An experimental examination of target based conservation auctions

Conservation auctions are increasingly employed to increase the provision of Ecological Goods and Services (EG&S) for achieving environmental goals. Most applications of conservation auctions concern the efficient allocation of a fixed conservation budget. However an important and under-explored application of conservation auctions is in meeting environmental targets, either as part of regulatory compliance by industry or by governments in meeting specified policy objectives. This paper examines the ability of a conservation auction to meet an environmental target. We use experimental economics methods benchmarked to a wetlands restoration case study to examine bidder behavior and efficiency in both budget constrained and target constrained auctions when landowners with increasing marginal costs can offer increasing sized bundles of wetland acres. The target constrained auction is characterized by an all or nothing rule, where there is no payout if the target is not met. We find that rent seeking and average cost in the target constrained auction is less than in a budget constrained auction, but that efficiency eroded in repeated rounds suggesting learning effects as participants realize there is no budget cap. Even with learning effects the target based auction out-performs the budget based auction. Adding a reserve price to the target based auction significantly reduced rent seeking but also increased the probability that the target was not met. The results have important implications for auction design in real world settings.     

Meta-Functional Benefit Transfer for Wetland Valuation: Making the Most of Small Samples

This study applies functional Benefit Transfer via Meta-Regression Modeling to derive valuation estimates for wetlands in an actual policy setting of proposed groundwater transfers in Eastern Nevada. We illustrate how Bayesian estimation techniques can be used to overcome small sample problems notoriously present in Meta-functional Benefit Transfer. The highlights of our methodology are: (i) The hierarchical modeling of heteroskedasticity; (ii) The ability to incorporate additional information via refined priors; and (ii) The derivation of measures of model performance with the corresponding option of model-averaged Benefit Transfer predictions. Our results indicate that economic losses associated with the disappearance of these wetlands can be substantial and that primary valuation studies are warranted.      

花溪国家城市湿地公园夏季植物景观美感评价

通过对贵阳市花溪国家城市湿地公园夏季园林植物景观的实地调查,运用美景度评价法(SBE法)对其景观质量进行评价分析。分析结果表明:(1)陆生植物景观评价中,最佳的植物配置是:杨梅+桂花+鸡爪槭+龟甲冬青+三叶草;过渡地带植物配置景观评价中,最佳的植物配置是:法国梧桐+水杉+垂柳;水域植物配置在评分中大众喜爱的配置模式是:构树+香蒲+花叶芦竹,由此可见人们对复合层次的植物景观及丰富的植物色彩配置更为喜好。(2)从SBE法得出的植物景观预测模型看,植物生活层次构成、植物种类、色彩数量、花朵比、郁闭度和灌草盖度与植物景观美景度成正相关,且色彩数量对植物景观美景度的贡献最大。