文化旅游与民族旅游:一种理论概观

民族旅游、文化旅游近年来受到学界极大的关注，成为比较热门的研究话题。探讨了有关这2种旅游形式的基本概念，旅游、文化、涵化，介绍了西方一些学者对文化旅游、民族旅游的阐释，希望有助于文化旅游与民族旅游的理论构架。     

文化保护视角下的旅游工艺品开发探究

旅游工艺品是旅游业中对文化资源进行商业化开发的方式之一。在开发过程中必然会出现当地传统文化与现代文化以及外来文化之间的涵化现象。旅游者虽然追求文化的真实性,但他们并不苛求文化的原形。而文化商品化虽然可能会使旅游工艺品有失去文化真实性的危险,但如果能处理好文化涵化问题,旅游工艺品则可成为传承和发扬地方文化的有力工具。旅游工艺品开发应在对当地文化元素保护的基础上,将传统文化和现代文化完美结合,走品牌化、特色化、功能多元化的开发与设计道路。     

中国乡村旅游的文化内涵建设探析——基于“涵化”理论

中国现代乡村旅游的发展已有20多年时间,但发展层次大多处于低水平的“农家乐”阶段,加强乡村旅游的文化内涵建设将是破解之道．乡村旅游是城乡文化接触和传播的重要途径。城市文化以其鲜明的现代化、市场化等特征。强势地冲击着乡村文化．城乡文化涵化的结果,一方面是乡村文化的振兴;另一方面是乡村文化的同化、商品化．从涵化理论出发,加强中国乡村旅游的文化内涵建设,应确立乡村文化的地位,建立“农民主体、政府扶持”的文化创新体制,在旅游者和旅游利益相关者中倡导负责任旅游。     

Higher skilled working tourists and their leisure lifestyles: a qualitative study of guest language instructors in South Korea

Using interviews conducted with 24 higher skilled working tourists employed as guest language instructors in the Republic of Korea, this paper explores how working tourists could secure an optimal leisure lifestyle in their host countries. Three key findings emerged. First, the respondents were seeking casual, touristic, amateur, hobby and volunteer leisure with their colleagues and with their host community members. But, the rewards and episodic aspects of their leisure, including formal and informal language development, suggested that it incorporated variations in project-based leisure as a core characteristic. Second, these respondents were taking part in guest, host and leisure speech communities that were each offering leisure choices. However, their leisure lifestyle was best when leisure, second language development and acculturation coincided in a leisure speech community. Third, that in a leisure speech community, respondents’ acculturation and friendships improved more so than in either guest or host speech communities. Also, that these respondents’ formal and informal second language learning within their leisure speech communities was essential for an optimal leisure lifestyle. The paper determines that leisure speech communities, occurring along a continuum of monetary, educational and interpersonal resources, could affect the linguistic mobility of higher skilled working tourists. It recommends that future research could examine if a sociolinguistics of leisure could assist in exploring and mapping the leisure lifestyles appearing among mobile populations in a globalising world.     

文化涵化和传播理论的物理学原理解释

文化的传播总体上来说是强势民族文化向弱势民族文化传播,但个别文化元素的传播可能是逆向的。文化的传播或涵化只有在存在文化差异(也即文化势差)的情况下才会发生,只有文化差异没有文化传承者的接触也不会产生文化的传播或涵化。但这种接触可以是文化传承者(人)的直接接触,也可以通过"场"的间接接触,接触的密切程度由若干因素确定。文化传播或涵化强度可以采用渗流理论(v=ki)或电流理论(I=V/R)来表达;接触的密切程度可以用渗透系数k或传导阻力R来表示,接触程度越紧密,文化传播或涵化的强度越大,即渗透系数k越大或传导阻力R越小;文化差异(文化势差)可以用水力坡降i或电势差V来表示,文化势差越大,文化的涵化或传播强度越大。     

论相遇与冲突下的动态文化

文化是动态的,文化的发展主要有三种形式:文化创新、文化传播和文化涵化。不同文化相遇后会发生冲突与矛盾,并给自身的发展带来新的挑战和机遇。在21世纪全球化背景下,跨文化交际日益频繁,如何理解与处理这些矛盾与挑战,促进文化交流,同时又保持各自文化的独特性,更变得愈发重要。     

‘Consumer Ethics: The Role of Acculturation in U.S. Immigrant Populations’

This study examines the role of acculturation in shaping consumers’ views of ethics. Specifically, it examines the relationships between the desire to keep one’s original culture, the desire to adopt the host culture, and the four dimensions of the Muncy and Vitell (Journal of Business Research Ethics 24(4), 297, 1992) consumer ethics scale. Using two separate immigrant populations – one of former Middle-Eastern residents now living in the U.S. and the other of Asian immigrants in the U.S. – results indicate that those who want to keep their original culture are less tolerant of unethical consumer activities, while those who are more willing to adopt the host culture are more tolerant of these same consumer activities. Furthermore, the immigrants in both studies who are more tolerant of unethical consumer activities are those who are generally somewhat younger and with less formal education. The relationship between gender and consumer ethics was not significant.     

语用知识在语篇教学中的运用

社会文化、语境直接影响着语言理解。教师应通过文化导入和语用分析,帮助学生培养文化意识和语境意识,以提高语言理解能力。     

入世后中国商人商务谈判文化适应现象分析

入世后,中国传统的商务谈判模式和谈判策略面,临着极大的挑战。中国外贸商人在学习西方文化和商业知识的同时．也尝试着改变自己的谈判方式以更好地适应WTO的贸易规则,中国外贸商人在谈判中遇到文化威胁等问题;在国际贸易谈判中的文化适应应是文化差异的适应,其文化取向方面是“沙拉式”的,而非“熔炉式”的。     

Work-related acculturation: change in individual work-related cultural values following immigration

The effects of culture in the workplace have been well documented. Because cultures vary across countries, business practices that are effective in some regions may not be effective in others. While cross-country cultural differences have been explored in depth, little is known about cultural variations and dynamics in the context of immigration. On the basis of a multilevel study of 2163 immigrants and locals residing in Canada, we investigate (1) patterns of immigrant acculturation; (2) the relationship between acculturation of visible elements of culture, such as language proficiency or cuisine and music tastes, and acculturation of tacit cultural values and (3) individual- and group-level predictors and moderators of acculturation. The results are discussed with a focus on implications for practitioner managers and immigration policy makers.