Prevention versus Treatment under Precautionary Regulation: A Case Study of Groundwater Contamination under Uncertainty

Policy discussions on agricultural pollution problems characterize prevention as more cost effective and precautionary than ex post treatment. We derive conditions under which treatment alone is more cost effective in situations involving multiple sources of emissions, multiple sites affected, and a commonly used precautionary approach to uncertainty. We also show that a greater degree of precaution can result in less reliance on prevention. An empirical case study indicates that treatment alone is the most cost-effective means of dealing with nitrate in most Maryland community water system wells. The use of leaching prevention measures is restricted to the most intensive poultry producing areas. The incremental cost of precaution is substantial.     

Liability for Past Environmental Contamination and Privatization

This paper examines the role ofliability for past environmental contaminationin the privatization processes of Central andEastern Europe. In particular, it establishes alink between a risk-averse investor's amount ofinformation regarding the extent of pastenvironmental contamination (and its cleanupcosts) and the investor's willingness to payfor a particular enterprise, i.e., bid. As theinvestor obtains a more precise estimate of theuncertain cleanup costs, the investor facesless risk; therefore, the investor's riskpremium falls and the investor's bid rises.This link generates four hypotheses regarding aprivatization agency's responses to theinvestor's knowledge of clean-up costs.     

府谷治污怪招的理论分析

地方保护主义严重存在于我国环境保护过程中，造成这一状况的原因主要是环境保护法律制度不健全、环境保护机构设置不科学和国民的环境保护意识不强。本文就此指出了改变现状的措施：强化国民环境意识、完善环境立法和改革环境保护体制。     

Privatization and contaminated site remediation in Central and Eastern Europe: Do environmental liability policies matter?

This paper examines the effects on site remediation decisions after state-owned firms have been privatized of providing environmental information to potential investors and undertaking site remediation planning prior to privatization. The literature suggests that to minimize distortions created by uncertain environmental problems, governments should invest in environmental information for potential investors, inventory problems and develop plans for remediation. One of the believed benefits is a higher probability of site remediation, because with uncertainty resolved potential conflicts after privatization are less likely. Few countries in Central Europe, which has experienced both environmental problems and privatization on enormous scales, have adopted this advice. Using firm-level data, empirical analysis is presented, which suggests providing only information to investors is insufficient to spur remediation. Inventorying site contamination and planning remediation prior to privatization is a much more effective measure. Combining provision of information with remediation planning is found to be the most powerful policy package for encouraging remediation.     

环境分析中沾污与损失的来源及相应对策

将环境污染分析的全过程中沾污的来源归纳为实验室空气、实验用容器、实验设备、实验试剂、实验用溶剂以及工作人员等 6个方面 ;将损失的来源归纳为容器吸附和挥发损失两方面 ,同时给出了减轻沾污与损失的对策     

绿色壁垒的滥用与缺失--发达国家和发展中国家的博弈

绿色壁垒出现的间接原因是为了保护环境,维持可持续发展的需要,直接原因则是贸易保护主义所采取的新的贸易保护手段;基于该手段对于其运用主体有一定的要求,发达国家因此受益。但是基于该壁垒将是发展的大势,发展中国家要加快自身的改革发展,积极应对,将其带来的负面影响降到最低限度。     

农田污染土壤生态治理研究现状

我国土壤污染形势严峻,土壤酸化、盐渍化严重,重金属含量高及农药施用不当等严重威胁了农业生产的可持续发展和人类健康安全。鉴于我国土壤污染仍比较严重,应从减少土壤污染物投入、土壤修复技术研究等多方面着手改变土壤污染现状,并通过外源和自身因素来分析农田土壤污染成因．借鉴国内外修复技术,有效治理受污染的农田土壤。     

乳酸杆菌对饲料的降解研究

对Lactobicillus spp就饲料的降解作用进行研究,通过研究温度、菌接种量、底物浓度对饲料降解的影响,结果表明,各个实验组都能显著地降低NO2-N、NO3-N、PO4-P,而NH3-N则显著地上升,对COD则无降解的能力。各个因子对NO2-N、NH3-N、PO4-P、NO3-N降解率的影响是极其显著的。     

Environmental protection and management: A water pollution case study within the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area,Australia

The Grose River is contained almost entirely within a World Heritage Area. While sewage pollution in the area has been addressed, pollution at damaging levels continues from a disused coal mine, closed in 1997. Despite some surface rehabilitation, no action has occurred to remediate zinc polluted waters emanating from the mine. We examine the historical regulation and management of the Australian Commonwealth and New South Wales governments and highlight gaps in both regulatory systems. We conclude that there is an urgent need to improve regulation of water pollution, mining and management of the environment in highly valued world heritage areas.     

促进节能、环保的财税政策机制研究

目前,我国经济发展面临着资源与环境的双重压力,节能减排是实现经济可持续发展的必然途径。而节能、减排具有明显的正外部性,是市场失灵的领域,因此需要政府采取一系列经济、法律以及必要的行政手段来对此进行干预和调控,而财税政策则是政府实行宏观经济调控的重要政策手段之一,对建立健全资源有偿使用制度和生态环境补偿机制有着重要影响。