Cooperative conversion and communalization: Closely observed interactions between the material and the mental

Various authors, including Elinor Ostrom, have shown that the legal form of a cooperative has many of the characteristics of a Common. Here we focus on cooperative conversion, through which conventional enterprises become labor‐managed firms (LMFs), viewing it dynamically as a communalization process. These processes are addressed in the light of a field survey carried out in France, looking at six firms involved in cooperative conversion. The changes entailed are two‐dimensional, both material and mental. This is visible, for example, when finding the capital to mount an LMF: members of the workforce must draw on their own funds; they must also believe in the project. Through our empirical observations we highlight the obstacles in the way of forming an LMF. In particular participants must undertake a work of negotiation hinging on stakes marked by the two, largely inseparable dimensions. Ultimately we query the ethic brought into play in the collective action of constituting a Common. Specifically, individuals must contribute to a collective action underpinned by principles of self‐governance, or commoning, the rock on which the Common rests. A key finding of our study is to demonstrate that a Common can only be successfully created if the constituent processes are consistent with the overall goal. In other words the manner in which we travel is inseparable from our final destination; otherwise we shall surely lose our way.     

A REVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE ON FARMER COOPERATIVES: PERFORMANCE,OWNERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE,FINANCE, AND MEMBER ATTITUDE

The empirical literature on farmer cooperatives is now fast emerging and developing in the areas of performance, ownership and governance, finance, and member attitude. We discuss 56 peer‐reviewed publications to illustrate the main findings and conclusions while outlining challenges and opportunities for future research. Generally, cooperative membership is found to positively impact price, yield, input adoption, income, and other indicators of member performance, yet there is growing evidence of an uneven distribution of benefits for small and large producers. In terms of structure, evidence of a causal relationship of ownership and governance to performance has been elusive, yet there are now many findings of inherent equity and long‐term debt constraints, often in the context of consolidation to drive scale and scope economies. Further inefficiency is observed to be driven by increased heterogeneity in member attitudes and objectives, in particular in terms of commitment and participation. Thus, overall, empirical work portrays farmer cooperatives as flawed and complex business organizations which nonetheless have a strong positive impact on its members. While applied research may progress in various directions, a general improvement in empirical methodologies is needed to allow robust analysis of mixed objectives in dynamic environments.     

天地一体化信息网络中天基卫星网络架构设计

为了充分利用各种空间设施资源，提升天基信息网络覆盖与传输能力，分别从天基信息网络体系架构和逻辑功能架构角度进行了系统性设计。与以往天基网络的设计不同，该设计更注重各类卫星网络的深度融合应用，为此将网络虚拟化技术引入天基卫星网络。同时，还提出了解决新架构下卫星组网难题的方法，将电磁涡旋、卫星灵活载荷和边缘计算技术设计到天基网络。仿真表明，所提出的架构能有效提升频谱利用率和减少卫星网络信令开销。     

新型集体经济的基本理念和改革实践

本文从理论和实际的结合上，对我国发展集体经济的认识与实践进行历史和现实的思考，阐述了以新型集体经济的理念改造传统集体企业，发展多种形式的集体经济，坚持和完善社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度，推进中国特色社会主义事业发展的理论思路。     

农村合作金融的制度安排与绩效--日本经验及借鉴

目前我国农村信用社进入深化改革阶段,在产权制度、管理体制、运作模式等方面都取得了一定成效,但仍存在着一些问题.本文介绍了日本农村合作金融的制度安排,探讨其成功经验,在此基础上提出对我国农村信用社改革的经验借鉴.     

论新形势下农民合作社的作用和发展

农民合作社提高了农民的组织化程度，改变了单家独户进入市场的弱势地位，解决了农民进入市场的难题。农民合作社的作用主要表现为：促进农村经济的发展和农民收入的提高；有利于农民素质的提高，促进农村精神文明建设；促进农村的民主法制建设。在社会主义新农村建设的过程中，必须重视合作社的积极作用，减少合作社发展过程中的不利因素，扶持并规范合作社健康发展。     

完善山东农村信用社改革的思考

山东农村信用社存在产权不清、不良资产过重、管理体制不完善等问题,已严重制约了其正常发展与生存。要以改革管理体制和产权制度为重点,使农村信用社发展进入良性循环轨道。     

产业组织角度的合作R＆D研究述评

合作R＆D是企业整合研发资源的有效组织形式。本文对产业组织角度的合作R＆D研究进行了较为细致的综述。首先列举了对合作R＆D理论具有一定影响的经验研究；然后梳理了产业组织角度的合作R＆D主流理论；之后介绍了较有代表性的非主流理论研究；最后是全文结论和留待进一步研究的论题。     

农民专业合作经济组织：认识、问题及对策

阐述了对农民专业合作经济组织认识上的偏差 ,剖析了其发展实践中存在的问题 ,提出了几点对策建议。