我国无效婚姻立法之问题疏理与破解路径

我国无效婚姻的立法不完善，是实务案件审理难的主要症结。未来立法修改时，应当增设原则规范，以弥补类型列举的疏漏；明确对过错方的责任认定和对无过错方的损害赔偿；检察院参与诉讼，保证无被申请人的诉讼中各方利益关系人的合法权益；区分婚姻不成立与婚姻的无效和可撤销。同时，加快家事诉讼立法，以统一的、专门的程序处理包括无效婚姻和可撤销婚姻在内的婚姻家庭纠纷。     

"做家务"还是"继续工作"? ——健康视角下的老年人劳动时间配置

随着健康劳动时间价值的持续上升,合理解决工作时间和家务时间配置的冲突,对于老年人的时间福利提升具有重要实践意义。基于中国健康与营养调查 (CHNS)1997 ～ 2015 非平衡面板数据,使用面板 Tobit 模型实证分析了健康对老年人劳动时间配置的影响。研究发现：（1）慢性疾病和健康冲击显著减少了老年人的工作时间,但增加了家务时间,该结论在收入增加时仍然成立。（2）以日常饮食偏好作为工具变量,采用面板数据工具变量法,发现该结果仍然成立;采用日常生活能力作为自变量进一步的验证健康对老年人劳动时间配置的影响,结果仍稳健。（3）分城乡异质性结果表明,城镇老年人在受到健康威胁时,更重视家庭时间价值,而农村老年人即使受到了健康威胁,仍存在“无休止劳动”现象;分职业异质性结果表明,服务业和非专业技术老年人受到健康威胁时,其工作时间和家务时间都增加,劳动时间福利受损。高级专业技术老年人的工作时间减少,家务时间增加。从事农业劳动的农民和有技术老年人的工作时间增加,家务时间减少。随着收入的增加,没有发现服务业、农业和有技术老年人的工作时间和家务劳动时间之间的相互替代关系,高级专业技术工人更倾向于用家务劳动时间替代工作时间。另外,未发现在城镇从事服务业、农业、非专业技术、技术和高级技术工人五大类职业中工作时间和家务时间之 间的替代关系。从社会保障和社会福利政策、老年劳动力需求相关的政策和畅通职业自由流动政策方面提出政策建议。     

非劳动收入对家庭时间配置的影响——一个基于工作异质性的比较研究

本文在区分工作异质性的基础上,分析了非劳动收入对家庭时间配置的影响,认为非劳动收入的提高将减少家务时间的配置,增加市场工作刚性家庭的闲暇时间,但对市场工作非刚性家庭闲暇时间配置的影响却是不确定的。市场工作的异质性决定了一个家庭的社会和经济地位,利用CHNS2006年的数据所作的实证结果表明,非劳动收入水平的提高一致地减少了所有家庭的家务时间,同时导致在政府及国有集体企业、三资企业工作的家庭闲暇时间减少,但引起在家庭联产承包农业、私营个体企业工作的家庭闲暇时间配置的增加。     

The Impact of Non-Labor Income Given Job Heterogeneity on Household Time Allocation: The Evidence from China

This paper proposes a theoretical framework based on new household economic theories. A dataset from the 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) is used. Given heterogeneity in major family members’ jobs, the effect of non-labor income on household time allocation is discussed under two scenarios: jobs with flexible work hours and jobs with fixed work hours in the market. Based on the nature of the employer the major family member works for, employers can be categorized into four categories: government-owned, family contract, privately-owned, and foreign-funded. Each of the four categories is used for dissecting the data into different sets for analysis by category. The results imply that job heterogeneity is significantly correlated to household time allocation. An increase in non-labor income results in a decrease in the time allocated to housework for all households. However, leisure time is allocated differently among different households due to job heterogeneity. An increase in non-labor income leads to less leisure time for households working for government-owned or foreign-funded enterprises, and more leisure time for households working for family contract or privately-owned enterprises.     

代际家务支持对家庭二胎生育状况的影响

利用CFPS2016的横截面数据,分析了老年父母提供家务支持对子女家庭二胎生育状况的影响。研究结果表明：首先,老年父母帮忙料理家务会显著提高子女家庭二胎的生育率4.9%,进行工具变量再检验系数增加至7%,且具有稳健性。其次,老年父母提供代际家务支持对儿子家庭二胎生育的影响大于女儿。最后,农村家庭的代际家务支持对子女生育二胎的影响大于城市家庭的影响。从代际家务支持影响子女家庭二胎生育状况的角度,验证了老年人的家庭价值,也从侧面说明老年人提供的代际支持是提高生育率的有效途径。     

Unilateral Divorce and Time Allocation in the United States

Using time-diary data from the Time Use in Economic and Social Accounts (TUESA) 1975–76, which covers heterosexual couples in the United States, this paper analyzes the relationship between a state’s adoption of unilateral divorce and couples’ time allocation. Married women in states with unilateral divorce spend less time on core housework than those in states without unilateral divorce, and married men contribute to a greater share of housework. This paper also uses cross-state and time variation in divorce law adoption by including additional data from the early 1990s to estimate the effect of a state’s adoption of unilateral divorce on daily time use. The analysis confirms the findings for women in the 1970s: the availability of unilateral divorce substantially decreases married women’s time spent on housework. The results suggest that the adoption of unilateral divorce law shifts the relative bargaining power within heterosexual married households to women.     

The Women's Movement Against Sexual Harassment,by Carrie N. Baker

This paper examines some of the effects of East and West German family policy on women's economic position by analyzing intrahousehold bargaining power, defined here as based on co-resident partners' relative fall-back positions, which in turn depend on the individuals' access to income in the event that the partnership ends. East German policy sought to integrate women into the labor force through programs such as free public child care and liberal maternity leave. West Germany based its family policy on the assumption of a stark gender division of labor, with one lifetime breadwinner per family and a second parent who temporarily leaves the labor force to raise children. On the basis of her findings and analysis, the author argues that while East German institutions increased women's bargaining power, gender-specific policies interfered with women's ability to use this power to bring about changes in the household division of labor. West German family policy did not assign gender roles, but it offered women less bargaining power with which to negotiate. The author maintains that society's refusal to address women's greater child-rearing costs is not based on an assessment of such costs and the costs of redistributive government programs, but on the assumption that women should absorb the risks and burdens of reproduction.     

What women want (their men to do): Housework and Satisfaction in Australian Households

The time allocated to household chores is substantial, with the burden falling disproportionately upon women. Social norms about how much housework men and women should do are likely to influence couples’ housework allocation decisions and satisfaction. Using Australian data spanning 2001–14, this study employs a two-stage estimation procedure to examine how deviations from housework norms relate to couples’ satisfaction. The study finds that satisfaction is negatively affected by predicted housework time and that women’s satisfaction, but not men’s, is robustly affected by their partners’ residual housework time. When he exceeds housework norms, she is happier with housework allocations, but less happy in broader dimensions. The study suggests several reasons for the results, including that housework is more salient in women’s lives than in men’s, that housework generally is not a preferred activity, and that some degree of gender-norm conformity in regard to housework can positively affect women’s life satisfaction.     

Good to be home? Time‐use and satisfaction levels among home‐based teleworkers

Home‐based teleworking (HbTW) has the potential to provide significant benefits to both employer and employee, but also presents considerable challenges. This paper considers HbTW among UK employees, specifically exploring distinctions in the time‐use of men and women home‐based teleworkers and the impacts of HbTW on employee satisfaction levels, using cross‐section fixed effects panel regression analysis of the British Household Panel Survey. Findings reveal that total time‐use in work activities among men and women home‐based teleworkers is relatively comparable, but the distribution significantly different. For women, housework represents a particular time constraint, reflecting continued presence of the ‘double‐shift’. Homeworkers report greater levels of satisfaction, yet they are more pronounced in respect to paid work than leisure time. Extensive hours of housework reported among women may explain these differences. Nevertheless, home‐based teleworkers report greater levels of satisfaction than other workers, suggesting considerable benefits especially for working mothers.     

Negotiating Domestic Labor: Women's Earnings and Housework Time in Australia

Abstract

Recent research in the United States has found that wives' absolute earnings level is more important than their earnings relative to their spouses in determining time spent on housework. Utilizing data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, this article examines whether women's housework time in Australia is associated with relative or absolute earnings and extends previous work by examining possible mechanisms linking women's earnings with their time on housework, outsourcing through the use of paid domestic help, and unmeasured heterogeneity among women. The research finds that women's housework time is more strongly affected by women's relative earnings than by their absolute earnings, and neither outsourcing nor unobserved heterogeneity can explain the relationship between women's earnings and their housework time in Australia. These results indicate that Australia has a strong male-breadwinner institutional framework that continues to hinder gender equality in paid and unpaid work.