Squatting as a transition problem in South Africa

This paper applies principles of transition to land tenure and squatting in South Africa. Political transition in South Africa reassigned political property rights, which produced contestable, and rent‐seeking incentives for squatting as a means to privatize land and redistribute wealth. Government failure to establish and protect private property rights in a squatter camp resulted in common‐pool problems that resisted private and public resolution with consequent rent dissipation and social loss. In response to this retreat from duty, informal agents emerged to claim their own share of the prize. Without enforceable rules of capture, the growth of squatter camps in South Africa will continue. JEL classification: D7, H8, K1, K4, R1, R4.     

Patents,Copyrights, and Trademarks in the Early Twenty-First Century: The New Relevance of Some Old Concepts of Intellectual Property Rights

SUMMARY

After laying an historical foundation of the concept of “promonopoly” legislation in the face of a U. S. public policy devoted, since 1890, to a generally antimonopoly position, this paper examines the relevance of recent changes in the three types of domestic promonopoly law: patent law, copyright law, and trademark law. During the last thirty years of the twentieth century, and especially during the last decade of that period, all three aspects of American promonopoly legislation were strengthened. The term of copyright was extended from a maximum of fifty-six years to the lifetime of the last-living author of a work plus seventy years and coverage was broadened to extend to recordings-by a number of means-of performances; patents were lengthened in duration from seventeen years to twenty; and the law of trademarks was modified to include protection for trademark holders against “dilution,” or loss of value of trademarks due to the acts of noncompetitors. The implications and rationales of these changes are examined in the context of their effect on business life at the beginning of the third millennium. While it is too soon since the majority of these changes in law went into effect to draw definitive conclusions concerning their ultimate consequences, it does appear that, in general, their thrust is to increase the value of intellectual property to its proprietors.     

Inequality and Income Distribution in Global Value Chains

Global value chains (GVCs), led by transnational corporations (TNCs), have reshaped the world division of labor over the past two decades. GVCs are pervasive in low technology manufacturing, such as textile and apparel, as well as in more advanced industries like automobiles, electronics, and machines. This hierarchical division of labor generates wild competition at the lower value-added stages of production, where low wages and low profit margins prevail for workers and contract manufacturers in developing countries. At the top of the hierarchy another kind of competition prevails, centered on the ability to monitor and control intellectual property rights related to innovation, finance, and marketing. We argue that GVCs have had crucial effects on income inequality and the appropriation of rents in modern capitalism.     

知识产权侵权归责原则探析——谈无过错责任原则的不适用

知识产权侵权损害赔偿采用何种归责原则,事关知识产权权利人的权益及普遍公众的公共利益.无过错责任原则在知识产权侵权损害赔偿领域的适用打破了知识产权权利人和公共利益的平衡,影响了知识产权制度平衡机制的正常运转,歪曲了知识产权激励机制的本意,束缚了一般民事主体创造知识产品的热情.无过错责任原则在知识产权领域的适用有其天然的弊端和不足,而TRIPS协议第45条也并未将该原则作为一般原则来对待,即便按照民法学方法分析,知识产权侵权损害赔偿也不应适用无过错责任原则.     

罗马法所有权及对我国所有权制度完善的影响

罗马法的物权概念是现代民法物权概念的基础,罗马法中的所有权更是具备了现代民法中所有权的主要内容.我们应借鉴罗马法所有权并结合我国所有权的立法和实践,对社会主义市场经济条件下的所有权制度进行理论创新和实践改革.     

论物权登记效力与合同效力的区分

不区分物权登记效力与合同效力,合同的效力就有可能由一方当事人决定,这显然有悖于民法理论。因此,坚持区分合同效力与登记效力,是遵循民法基本理论、保护合同当事人合法权益的现实需要。物权登记的效力由《物权法》规范,合同的效力由《合同法》决定;登记效力指向物权,合同效力指向债权;合同效力取决于合意,物权效力取决于登记。科学认识和运用不动产物权的登记效力,正确行使物权,有利于更好地实现《物权法》确定的“定分止争、物尽其用”的目标。     

制度兼容、制度互补与我国自然资源产权制度完善

制度之间的兼容与互补是充分发挥制度功能的重要条件,自然资源作为一种特殊的生产要素和社会资源,产权制度完善涉及各种目标和功能约束。以兼容和互补的原则合理安排产权制度各层次和各维度的制度单元,是完善自然资源产权制度的重要原则,同时也必须实现与交易制度、财税制度、监管制度的兼容互补才能充分提升自然资源产权制度的绩效。     

土地市场构建国家民事主体制度的思考

法律规定国务院代表国家行使土地所有权,但国务院并不能实际履行代表行为,又没有转委托于其他主体而使所有权行使主体缺位.土地行政监管部门自封为土地所有权的出让人,其结果不但是主体错位,而且为地方政府通过公权力主体挟持民事主体而形成政府间的竞争提供了法律依据.追求政绩工程的区域竞争是政府垄断建设用地供应市场的动力,由地方政府形成的进入障碍是城乡建设用地市场二元结构的制度性原因.统一城乡建设用地市场的关键是国家民事主体的地位独立和平等.     

改性处理对魔芋葡甘聚糖性质影响

综述了魔芋葡甘聚糖的基本结构、性质和国内外改性魔芋葡甘聚糖的研究概况和新进展,以及改性处理对魔芋葡甘聚糖性质的改变及影响。     

股份公司股东表决权限缩的激励分析

在股份公司的多方利益相关主体中,股东拥有表决权。一股一权是表决权行使的基本原则,但在公司实践中还存在股东的表决权由于特定原因被限缩的情形,这一现象蕴藏着深刻的激励因素,其中包括产权的赋予和责任的配置。