苏州河河口水闸工程设计特色

在简要介绍苏州河河口水闸工程设计背景及工程概况基础上,从闸址选择、工程标准与规模论证、闸门门型选择、总体结构方案论证、施工组织设计、环境保护、工程效益论证等各方介绍了工程设计特色,并从满足多功能要求基础上介绍了水工、机电与金属结构方面设计存在的难点,从而为今后同类工程设计提供参考。     

苏州河水环境治理20年回顾与展望

简要阐述了苏州河历史演变、水文特性和水环境变化过程,回顾了自1998年开始的苏州河环境综合整治一期、二期、三期工程及开展的相关科研工作,并利用干流历年水质变化过程分析了历次治理取得的成效。结果表明:一期整治工程对水质指标的改善效果较好,而二、三期工程影响不明显,但当郊区河道进一步治理后,干流水质得到进一步好转。最后,针对目前正开展的苏州河综合整治四期工程总体方案,指出更大范围、更加彻底的标本兼治苏州河支流水环境会提升苏州河干流水环境,但要恢复苏州河的"水清岸绿、鱼翔浅底"的生态功能,还需有漫长的过程,且需要上游的江苏省内河道同步治理。     

CREATING AND EVALUATING DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL‐BASED STREAM‐POWER MAP AS A STREAM ASSESSMENT TOOL

As urban development increases, a need is emerging to understand and predict river behaviour in order to focus rehabilitation efforts and protect the natural river system while preserving urban infrastructure. Stream assessment methods are reviewed to demonstrate the need for a physically based and objective method that is also accessible in terms of time, data requirements and expertise. The case of Highland Creek near Toronto, Canada, is used to demonstrate a new type of initial stream assessment method that is based on the concept of stream power and performed entirely in a geographic information system using information from a digital elevation model (DEM). The results from this analysis are tested against existing information for Highland Creek. This includes a hydraulic model (Hydraulic Engineering Center's ‘River Analysis System’), field‐measured slopes, air photos and the geomorphic effects of an extreme flood. In addition, the results are presented in map form to demonstrate the effectiveness of visualizing the stream‐power distribution over the entire basin and also the usefulness of overlaying stream power onto other available information. The slopes extracted from the DEM are found to be statistically similar to those from a one‐dimensional hydraulic model and field‐measured slopes. Individual peaks in slope as well as locations of stream‐power maxima and minima are found to correlate to actual channel features as seen in air photos. The extreme flood event of August 2005 caused a dramatic change in channel form at the exact location of maximum energy predicted by the DEM‐based stream‐power analysis. The case of Highland Creek illustrates how this approach yields a useful outcome for understanding stream dynamics and stability as part of a stream assessment process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南社诗人周斌及其《柳溪竹枝词》考论

以南社诗人周斌的生平及其文学创作为考察对象,重点研究了其《柳溪竹枝词》的诸多题辞序跋及诗作本身所蕴含的文学、历史、民俗、语言学等方面的价值,认为周斌的经历与创作在南社中具有典型意义,南社研究应加大对社团内中小作家的关注。他们对丰富现代文学的创作生态作出了不可磨灭的贡献,也应该引起现代文学研究者的重视。     

A dam-breach erosion model: II. Application

In Part I, the earthen dam breach erosion was analyzed. To this end, the BEED (breach erosion of earthfill dams) model was modified and extended. In this paper, Part II of the series, the extended BEED model is applied to three historical cases: South Fork Dam, Buffalo Creek Dam, and Teton Dam. The testing before it can be used for forecast purposes. A sensitivity analysis of the model to its parameters shows that the model is very sensitive to friction factors; Chenzy's for breach erosion, and Manning's for flood routing.     

Fishing and consumption patterns of anglers adjacent to the Oak Ridge Reservation,Tennessee: higher income anglers ate more fish and are more at risk

The risks from consuming self‐caught fish are receiving international attention because of high levels of contaminants in some species. The ethnic, income, and educational differences in fishing and fish consumption patterns of 202 anglers fishing along the Clinch River arm of Watts Bar Reservoir adjacent to the US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) or along Poplar Creek within ORR boundaries were analyzed to understand how to design a risk communication strategy. Because of elevated PCB concentrations in striped bass (Morone saxatilis), catfish (Ictalurus spp.), and sauger (Stizostedion canadense) due partly from contaminants released from the ORR in East Tennessee, the Clinch River arm of Watts Bar Reservoir is under a fish consumption advisory, while portions of Poplar Creek are under advisories because of mercury. Most studies find that a high proportion of anglers eat their catch, and people with lower incomes and less education generally eat more self‐caught fish than others fishing in the same region. Calculating fish consumption individually for each person indicated that a considerable number of people ate more fish from the study area than the amount used to calculate risks when developing fish consumption advisories, and people who ate fish more often usually ate larger portions. Unlike previous studies of fish consumption, this study indicated that a smaller proportion of anglers ate their fish, and those that ate the most were the high income anglers for this fishing population, rather than those with lower incomes. This suggests that risk communication strategies must include site‐specific information on the population at risk from fish consumption, and that targeting only low income, low education anglers will miss some people who are most at risk.     

Habitat Restoration in the Context of Watershed Prioritization: The Ecological Performance of Urban Stream Restoration Projects in Portland,Oregon

In Portland (Oregon, USA), restoration actions have been undertaken at the watershed scale (e.g. revegetation and stormwater management) to improve water quality and, where water quality and quantity are adequate at the reach scale, to increase habitat heterogeneity. Habitat enhancement in urban streams can be important for threatened species, but challenging, because of altered catchment hydrology and urban encroachment on floodplains and channel banks. To evaluate reach‐scale restoration projects in the Tryon Creek watershed, we sampled benthic macroinvertebrates and conducted habitat quality surveys pre‐project and over 4 years post‐project. Species sensitive to pollution and diversity of trophic groups increased after restoration. Taxonomic diversity increased after restoration but was still low compared with reference streams. We found no significant changes in trait proportions and functional diversity. Functional diversity, proportion of shredders and semivoltine invertebrates were significantly higher in reference streams than in the restored stream reaches. We hypothesized that inputs of coarse particulate organic matter and land use at watershed scale may explain the differences in biodiversity between restored and reference stream reaches. Habitat variables did not change from pre‐project to post‐project, so they could not explain community changes. This may have been partly attributable to insensitivity of the visual estimate methods used but likely also reflects the importance of watershed variables on aquatic biota—suggesting watershed actions may be more effective for the ecological recovery of streams. For future projects, we recommend multihabitat benthic sampling supported by studies of channel geomorphology to better understand stream response to restoration actions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

美国狼溪大坝的补强加固

狼溪大坝（又译为沃尔夫克里克大坝）位于美国肯塔基州,在对其进行补强加固的过程中,新建了一截渗墙,其中新开挖工程和数据管理系统发挥了至关重要的作用。     

WATER TEMPERATURE PATTERNS BELOW LARGE GROUNDWATER SPRINGS: MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS FOR COHO SALMON IN THE SHASTA RIVER,CALIFORNIA

Elevated stream temperature is a primary factor limiting the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) population in California's Shasta River Basin. Understanding the mechanisms driving spatial and temporal trends in water temperature throughout the Shasta River is critical to prioritising river restoration efforts aimed at protecting this threatened species. During the summer, the majority of streamflow in the Shasta River comes from large‐volume, cold‐water springs at the head of the tributary Big Springs Creek. In this study, we evaluated the initial character of this spring water, as well as the downstream fate and transport of these groundwater inflows during July and August 2008. Our results indicated that Big Springs Creek paradoxically provided both cool and warm waters to the Shasta River. During this period, cool groundwater inflows heated rapidly in the downstream direction in response to thermal loads from incoming solar radiation. During the night time, groundwater inflows did not appreciably heat in transit through Big Springs Creek. These diurnally varying water temperature conditions were inherited by the Shasta River, producing longitudinal temperature patterns that were out of phase with ambient meteorological conditions up to 23 km downstream. Findings from this study suggest that large, constant temperature spring sources and spring‐fed rivers impart unique stream temperature patterns on downstream river reaches that can determine reach‐scale habitat suitability for cold‐water fishes such as coho salmon. Recognising and quantifying the spatiotemporal patterns of water temperature downstream from large spring inflows can help identify and prioritize river restoration actions in locations where temperature patterns will allow rearing of cold‐water fishes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical three-dimensional modeling of earthen dam piping failure

A physically-based numerical three-dimensional earthen dam piping failure model is developed for homogeneous and zoned soil dams. This model is an erosion model, coupled with force/moment equilibrium analyses. Orifice flow and two-dimensional (2D) shallow water equations (SWE) are solved to simulate dam break flows at different breaching stages. Erosion rates of different soils with different construction compaction efforts are calculated using corresponding erosion formulae. The dam's real shape, soil properties, and surrounding area are programmed. Large outer 2D-SWE grids are used to control upstream and downstream hydraulic conditions and control the boundary conditions of orifice flow, and inner 2D-SWE flow is used to scour soil and perform force/moment equilibrium analyses. This model is validated using the European Commission IMPACT (Investigation of Extreme Flood Processes and Uncertainty) Test #5 in Norway, Teton Dam failure in Idaho, USA, and Quail Creek Dike failure in Utah, USA. All calculated peak outflows are within 10% errors of observed values. Simulation results show that, for a V-shaped dam like Teton Dam, a piping breach location at the abutment tends to result in a smaller peak breach outflow than the piping breach location at the dam's center; and if Teton Dam had broken from its center for internal erosion, a peak outflow of 117 851 m³/s, which is 81% larger than the peak outflow of 65 120 m³/s released from its right abutment, would have been released from Teton Dam. A lower piping inlet elevation tends to cause a faster/earlier piping breach than a higher piping inlet elevation.