Organochlorine and Mercury Residues in Young-of-the-Year Spottail Shiners from the Detroit River,Lake St. Clair,and Lake Erie

Young-of-the-year spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) were used as biomonitors to determine the spatial distribution (1982/83) and assess trend data for organochlorine and mercury residues. Significantly (p < 0.01) higher PCB residues were found in Detroit River spottail shiners than in collections from southwestern Lake St. Clair and northwestern Lake Erie. The highest PCB residues were found in the west bank collections from Michigan waters (912–2,997ng/g) compared to the mid-stream (96–290 ng/g) and east bank collections (153–316 ng/g). Chlordane residues were found to be elevated in all spottail shiner samples from urbanized areas. Octachlorostyrene and ∑ DDT residues were distributed uniformly within the study area, whereas mercury concentrations were found to be lower in spottail shiners from northwestern Lake Erie than in comparable samples from the Detroit River and southwestern Lake St. Clair. Residues for BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, and chlorinated benzenes were near their detection limits; mirex and chlorinated phenols were not detectable. Recent (1982/83) PCB residue levels in spottail shiners exceeded the IJC aquatic life objective (Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978) at all the sites sampled, except at Pike Creek in Lake St. Clair. PCB residues in spottail shiners from Pike Creek, Big Creek, and Leamington have declined significantly (p < 0.01) since the mid-seventies. Mercury and chlordane residues have decreased in spottail shiner samples from Leamington, but have remained virtually unchanged at Big Creek and Pike Creek.     

Effects of Contaminants on Toxicity of the Lampricides TFM and Bayer 73 to Three Species of Fish

Waters in the Great Lakes basin contain more than 400 contaminant chemicals that potentially affect fishery resources, commerce, and human inhabitants. We determined in the laboratory the effects of selected contaminants on the toxicity of the widely used lampricides TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) and Bayer 73 (2′,5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide) to three species of fish—rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). The fish were exposed to paired mixtures of lampricides and selected contaminants in standardized, acute static toxicity tests to determine the resulting type of response—less than additive, additive, or greater than additive (synergistic). As expected, the toxicities of combinations of lampricides with organic pesticides, metal, industrial or municipal pollutants, and tannic acid were mostly additive. However, the toxicity of a combination of TFM, Delnav, and malathion was synergistic, and extremely small quantities of each chemical became lethal when mixed. The concentration that produced 50% mortality was 1.64 mg/L for TFM alone but only 0.041 mg/L for TFM with the pesticides. Toxicities of the pesticides in the combination also increased commensurately. The triple combination of chemicals produced extraordinary synergism and effectively demonstrated the hazards that may result if certain chemical combinations occur in the aquatic environment. However, synergism is not the only kind of toxic action that produces hazards to aquatic organisms. All three types of toxic action are of concern because toxic units produced by contaminant chemicals add to the toxic units of applied management chemicals. Since the toxicity of the majority of chemical combinations is simply additive, this cumulative toxic action contributes more total units to aquatic environments than the extreme actions of less than additive and synergism. The toxicity of the lampricide TFM, as well as other management chemicals, is reinforced by the presence of any contaminant that contributes additional units of toxicity. Therefore, all types of cumulative toxic action should be of concern to people and agencies involved with protecting the environment.     

Organochlorine Contaminants of Wintering Ducks Foraging on Detroit River Sediments

Organochlorine analysis was performed on carcasses of 13 diving ducks from a 1981 wintering population that foraged on contaminated sediments in the lower Detroit River. Mean total PCB concentrations were 10 mg/kg for seven lesser scaups (Aythya affinis), 11 mg/kg for three greater scaups (A. marila), and 7.6 mg/kg for three goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula). Highest mean levels of other residues were measured for hexachlorobenzene (1.7 mg/kg) in goldeneyes, and transnonachlor (0.33 mg/kg) and 4,4’-DDE (1.3 mg/kg) in greater scaup. Quantitative analysis of 72 PCB congeners also was applied to water, seston, sediment, benthie oligochaetes, and carp from the same site. Principal congeners in most of the samples included some of the more toxic and persistent PCBs. Results of a multivariate analysis indicated that ratios of more conservative to less conservative PCBs did not vary significantly among ducks (α = .05), but differed from those in carp, oligochaetes, and sediment. For the February through March period of fat mobilization, concentrations of total PCB in lipid were inversely correlated with percent lipid (r = 0.76) in ducks. The percentage of conservative PCBs increased slightly. The distribution and partitioning of organochlorines, including toxic PCB congeners, varied considerably within this water column-sediment-fauna ecosystem. Estimates of toxic exposure based on total PCB values may be unreliable.     

Butyltin Species and Inorganic Tin in Water and Sediment of the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers

Water and sediment samples from 29 locations in the Detroit and St. Clair rivers were analyzed for the highly toxic tri-n-butyltin (Bu₃Sn⁺) species and for the less toxic di-n-butyltin (Bu₂Sn²⁺) and n-butyltin (BuSn³⁺) species and inorganic tin. In general, locations sampled in the St. Clair River were less contaminated with butyltin species than those in the Detroit River. Inorganic tin and BuSn³⁺ were detected in over 90% of all subsurface water samples, while Bu₂Sn²⁺ and Bu₃Sn⁺ were detected in 45 and 28% of the same samples, respectively. The highest concentration ofBu₃Sn⁺ in subsurface water, 5.9 × 10^?10 mol Sn/L, was at the mouth of the Ecorse River, a tributary of the Detroit River. The three butyltin species and inorganic tin were also detected in 23–46% of all sediment samples. The highest concentrations of Bu₃Sn⁺ in sediment were found close to the mouths of the River Rouge, another tributary of the Detroit River, and the Ecorse River, and were 6.2 × I0^–7 and 1.7 × I0^–7 mol Sn/kg dry weight, respectively, for the top 2 cm of sediment.     

污水处理厂有毒有害及易燃易爆气体在线监测系统建设与应用

小红门污水处理厂是较早建设有毒有害及易燃易爆气体在线监测系统的污水处理厂之一.介绍了小红门污水处理厂监测系统的建设背景、实施方案及应用效果.系统包括在线检测、视频检测、广播等3个子系统.系统的应用促进了安全生产,有利于保障职工职业健康,取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益.建议城镇污水处理厂的设计中增设此种监测系统.     

奥贝胆酸有关物质的分析及合成

为了控制奥贝胆酸药品的质量,从奥贝胆酸原料药中分离并鉴定了3种有关物质:3α-羟基-6-乙基-7-酮-5β-胆烷-24-酸(A),3α,7α-二羟基-6-亚乙基-5β-胆烷-24-酸(B)和3α(3α,7α-二羟基-6α-乙基-5β-胆烷-24-酰基氧基)-7α-羟基-6α-乙基-5β-胆烷-24-酸(C)。分析了这些物质产生的原因并进行了设计合成,其结构经过核磁共振氢谱得以确认。研究表明,3个有关物质与奥贝胆酸粗品中的主要有关物质的相对保留时间完全一致,合成的有关物质与分离得到的有关物质的核磁共振氢谱图相符合,可以判定奥贝胆酸产品中的主要有关物质就是合成得到的有关物质A、有关物质B、有关物质C。解决了有关物质研究所需对照品的问题,提高了原料药的质量,为奥贝胆酸的质量研究和有关物质的控制提供了一定的帮助。     

上向流O3-BAC工艺处理微污染湖泊水研究

以我国华东地区某湖泊水为原水,进行中试规模的上向流臭氧生物活性炭（O3-BAC ）工艺研究,考察该工艺去除水中有机物的能力,以及工艺出水的生物稳定性和化学安全性。研究结果表明：该工艺能有效去除有机物、氨氮和消毒副产物前体物,同时能提高出水的生物稳定性。该工艺出水CODMn 、UV254和DOC的平均值分别为2.31 mg/L、0.034 cm -1和1.76 mg/L ,平均去除率为53.4％、67.3％和65.1％;三卤甲烷,卤乙酸和亚硝胺类副产物生成潜能的平均去除率分别为50.3％,59％和96.6％;AOC平均去除率为54.5％;工艺出水BDOC仅为0.56 mg/L ;且出水未检出BrO3-。因此,O3-BAC工艺适合处理该湖泊水且出水水质安全。     

Ecological Problems of Thermal Power Plants

The main legislative documents in the field of environmental protection and ecological standards for newly developed equipment of thermal power plants (TTP) of Russia are presented. Problems of raising the efficiency TTP and reducing harmful emissions are considered. Modern methods and process for lowering nitrogen oxide emissions for different kinds of fuel, fields of application of sulfur-removing technologies, and ways for updating fly-ash collectors are discussed. The tendency to tightening of standards regulating the volume of contaminating substances is shown. Data on TTP wastewaters and maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of primary contaminants are presented. Reduction of atmospheric emissions and of contaminating due TTP wastewaters is estimated until 2010.__________Translated from Elektricheskie Stantsii, No. 1, January 2005, pp. 17–27     

Environmental performance and plant closure

This study uses a sample of plant closings as the testing stage to examine the financial consequences of variant environmental performance records and stakeholder pressure levels. It compares 117 manufacturing facilities closing down between 1998 and 2000 to 351 facilities surviving through this period, along four measures of environmental performance. It shows that in the ten years prior to closure, closing facilities reduce their toxics emissions relatively more and incur somewhat stronger community and regulatory pressures than surviving ones. The results persist through alternative versions of the model and suggest that the environmental performance of closing facilities is at least as good as that of surviving ones. The mix of environmental practices of closing facilities differs from that of surviving ones with the former engaging in significantly less recycling of waste than the latter. Closing facilities focus more on end-of-pipe measures while surviving ones engage in more pro-active strategies, consistent with evidence in the literature of a positive relation between pro-active environmental practices and performance. Stakeholder pressures, in some cases (e.g., in pollution intensive industries), may be associated with unrecoverable costs to facilities, including closure, depending on the environmental management choices of the facilities.