The approximation capabilities of the minflex-Laurents,translog, and generalized Leontief forms

This paper compares the approximation capabilities of the minflex-Laurents translog and minflex generalized Leontief cost functions with their translog and generalized Leontief counterparts in Monte Carlo experiments. The minflex Laurent specifications generally provided closer approximations to underlying technical and economic parameters. Imposition of nonlinear restrictions on some of the parameters of the minflex Laurent models yielded measurable improvement in estimated elasticities of substitutions, returns to scale, and rates of technical change.The refereeing process of this paper was handled through E. Appelbaum.     

Does price reflect emotional,structural or performance quality?

Three denim jeans products from the same manufacturer with differentiated pricing and labels (antiqued, sandblasted, and stonewashed) were used to determine the relationship between price and quality. Both qualitative and quantitative procedures were used to analyse the garments. All three jeans were made of twill weave with 3 × 1 repeat. Both structural and performance characteristics were compared using standardized tests. Analysis of variance was used to compare the selected structural and performance characteristics among the three jeans products. Tukey’s HSD tests were used for post hoc multiple comparisons for three jeans. The findings revealed that despite the fact that all three jeans products were from the same store, and that the fabrics used the same weave, degree and direction of twist, the jeans differed significantly for several structural and performance characteristics. Several possibilities for future research were explored.     

金融发展理论中“金融发展”涵义的演进

戈德史密斯（1969）和爱德华·肖（1973）分别对发达国家和落后国家的金融发展状况进行了实证研究，得出了落后国家经济之所以落后，主要是因为其金融发展与发达国家之间存在着明显的差异的结论，由此提出了金融深化的观点，标志着金融发展理论的形成。在金融发展理论的指导下，许多落后国家纷纷改革其金融体制，推行金融自由化，以促进其金融发展。然而20世纪90年代以后，全球金融危机的频繁爆发，引起了人们对金融发展理论的反思。金融发展理论的再度兴起，使金融发展的涵义不断得到丰富与发展，金融发展涵义从结构观、制度观向功能观和环境观逐步演进。     

Top executive gender diversity and financial reporting quality

We examine whether gender diversity of chief executive and chief financial officers (CEOs and CFOs) is associated with financial reporting quality. The CEOs and CFOs of publicly traded companies are both required to certify the appropriateness of their financial statements and annual disclosures. We argue that gender diverse dyads (groups) of executives can bring different perspectives and professional skepticism to financial reporting. Using a sample of different CEO/CFO gender dyads during 2006–2019, we postulate and find evidence of higher accruals quality among firms led by gender-diverse dyads compared to accruals quality reported by firms led by all-male CEO/CFO pairs. Additional analyses reveal that the auditors of firms with gender-diverse executive dyads issue audit reports later, charge higher audit fees, and are more likely to be one of the Big 4 firms. These findings support the view that top executive gender diversity enhances financial reporting quality, which has important implications for corporate governance mechanisms.     

生态园林城市规划理论研究

分析了生态园林城市的概念及提出背景;对园林城市、生态园林城市、生态城市建设理论模式进行了辨析;探讨了生态园林城市规划理念,即整体协调发展理念、综合要素统筹理念、有限目标理念、城市开敞空间管制理念、科学指标体系理念;指出生态园林城市实现生态化的主导途径为城市结构生态化和城市功能生态化;提倡在继承、发展和保护的基础上规划生态园林城市的主体--生态园林绿地系统.     

精益-敏捷型供应链

首先介绍一种基于产品的供应链分类方法,并从产品出发,归纳适合不同产品的供应链类型。从比较精益与敏捷两种供应链战略出发,集合两者优点,引入精益-敏捷型供应链,并利用图示表明供应链再造的方向与战略,并以本田某海外制造企业为例进行说明;最后指出其适用范围及局限性。     

北京市各区县劳动力产业分布比较优势统计分析

北京市各区县劳动力总量分布的产业差别是明显的,其分布是有规律可循的.因此,对于北京市各区县功能区的划分可以站在劳动力产业分布比较优势的角度,采用统计分析的方法,深入分析北京市已经形成的劳动力产业分布规律,从而为城市功能区的划分提供劳动力布局的依据.     

Toward a Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Organizational Life

Synopsis Classification is an important activity that facilitates theory development in many academic disciplines. Scholars in fields such as organizational science, management science and economics and have long recognized that classification offers an approach for ordering and understanding the diversity of organizational taxa (groups of one or more similar organizational entities). However, even the most prominent organizational classifications have limited utility, as they tend to be shaped by a specific research bias, inadequate units of analysis and a standard neoclassical economic view that does not naturally accommodate the disequilibrium dynamics of modern competition. The result is a relatively large number of individual and unconnected organizational classifications, which tend to ignore the processes of change responsible for organizational diversity. Collectively they fail to provide any sort of universal system for ordering, compiling and presenting knowledge on organizational diversity. This paper has two purposes. First, it reviews the general status of the major theoretical approaches to biological and organizational classification and compares the methods and resulting classifications derived from each approach. Definitions of key terms and a discussion on the three principal schools of biological classification (evolutionary systematics, phenetics and cladistics) are included in this review. Second, this paper aims to encourage critical thinking and debate about the use of the cladistic classification approach for inferring and representing the historical relationships underpinning organizational diversity. This involves examining the feasibility of applying the logic of common ancestry to populations of organizations. Consequently, this paper is exploratory and preparatory in style, with illustrations and assertions concerning the study and classification of organizational diversity.     

规范农（副）产品批发市场建设的对策

农（副）产品批发市场的历史成因和现存问题,不利于调动农民的生产积极性,对于扩大内需,拉动经济,构建社会主义市场经济体系也都是极其不利的,因此确定政府主管部门,彻底解决“群龙治水”的局面,通过税费改革以及提高市场管理人员素质,增强现代管理设施的投入,指导产地生产,疏通流通渠道,加强市场管理,健全法律法规等项综合治理措施,是规范农（副）产品批发市场建设的必然选择。农（副）产品批发市场的规范建设,是开拓     

Temporal shifts in the biodiversity of nearshore small fishes in Lake Simcoe

Nearshore small fish species represent a large proportion of fish biodiversity in Lake Simcoe, a large inland lake in southern Ontario, Canada. Over the past 30 years, Lake Simcoe has experienced several changes to its aquatic habitat, benthic invertebrate communities and predatory fish populations. This study compared samples of the nearshore small fish community in three geographic areas of Lake Simcoe. Fish community data were grouped into two time periods: a contemporary period (2007–2009) and a historical period (1982–1995). The fish community was compared across time periods for each area to assess if observed ecological changes had an impact on the small fish community. Species richness significantly declined between time periods in two areas (Cook's Bay and the southeast shoreline), the number of individuals captured declined between time periods in one area of the lake (Kempenfelt Bay) and Simpson's diversity index declined between time periods in one area of the lake (southeast shoreline). There were no significant differences in the Shannon–Weiner evenness index between time periods in any of the study areas. Additional analyses of intra- and inter-annual variation in fish sampling results generally supported the findings that shifts in the fish community occurred between time periods. Overall, this study suggests that the nearshore small fish biodiversity of Lake Simcoe has shifted over time but these shifts are not clearly related to recent increases in water clarity, macrophyte growth and nearshore benthic invertebrate densities.