Satellite SAR Remote Sensing of Great Lakes Ice Cover,Part 2. Ice Classification and Mapping

During the 1997 winter season, shipborne polarimetric backscatter measurements of Great Lakes (freshwater) ice types using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory C-band scatterometer, together with surface-based ice physical characterization measurements and environmental parameters, were acquired concurrently with Earth Resource Satellite 2 (ERS-2) and RADARSAT Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. This polarimetric data set, composed of over 20 variations of different ice types measured at incident angles from 0° to 60° for all polarizations, was processed to radar cross-section to establish a library of signatures (look-up table) for different ice types. The library is used in the computer classification of calibrated satellite SAR data. Computer analysis of ERS-2 and RADARSAT ScanSAR images of Great Lakes ice cover using a supervised classification technique indicates that different ice types in the ice cover can be identified and mapped, and that wind speed and direction can have an influence on the classification of water as ice based on single frequency, single polarization data. Once satellite SAR data are classified into ice types, the ice map provides important and necessary input for environmental protection and management, ice control and ice breaking operations, and ice forecasting and modeling efforts.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF STREAMBED HEAT TRANSFER

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陕北无定河流域土壤侵蚀与植被覆盖和降雨关系研究

基于2000—2014年陕北无定河流域日降水、DEM、土壤类型、MODIS NDVI等数据,利用修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)估算了流域土壤侵蚀情况,定量分析了植被覆盖和降雨在土壤侵蚀中的作用,结果表明:(1)无定河流域土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀为主,平均占流域面积的88.35%,各土壤侵蚀等级面积比例随等级的升高而降低。2000—2014年微度侵蚀面积比例为下降趋势,轻度及以上等级面积比例均为上升趋势。(2)不考虑降雨因子影响时,无定河流域仍以微度侵蚀为主,且为增加趋势,而其他土壤侵蚀等级均为下降趋势。不考虑植被覆盖因子时,流域土壤侵蚀与模型计算结果的变化趋势基本一致。(3)植被覆盖对土壤侵蚀面积比例和变化速率的贡献率分别为13.67%和24.55%,而降雨作用达到86.33%和75.44%,表明降雨是流域土壤侵蚀的主要动力和控制因子,降雨变化主导着流域土壤侵蚀变化过程。     

基于转轮换型的水轮机增容改造及数值模拟

从青海铁吾电站HL160-WJ-84水轮机运行中的实际问题出发,在明确了水轮机改造的方向和目标后,对新旧型谱系列模型转轮的性能进行了对比分析。基于对比结果,初选出了D06A转轮用于技术改造试验。对改造前后的水轮机全流道进行三维湍流数值计算,给出了水轮机改造前后的水动力学特性差异。同时,对改造前后的水轮机蜗壳、转轮叶片的流态分布状况进行了分析比较,对改造后的水轮机整体水力性能进行预估。分析认为,对于小型卧式HL160机组而言,更换转轮后还需对上冠泄水孔实施改造,以防止对流场造成扰动,降低机组的效率。     

波浪对渤海近岸海冰冲击作用的数值模拟

海冰在波浪冲击作用下可能会发生断裂,通过数值模拟定量地描述波浪引起的海冰断裂对海工结构的运行安全以及分析海冰断裂处海水与大气之间的热交换有重要作用。该文利用建立的三维数值波浪水池,将海冰视为刚性平板,结合渤海冬季海冰、波浪的相关参数,研究海冰受波浪冲击的垂向冲击力、水平冲击力、弯矩和最大弯曲正应力随波高、冰长及冰厚的变化规律;并结合渤海海冰的弯曲强度,推断海冰发生断裂的极限参数,结果表明:在渤海海域某些特定条件下,海冰断裂极限波高、冰长和最小冰厚分别为0.504 m、4.273 m和0.098 m。     

PIV技术在冰盖下复式断面渠道流速测量中的运用

在测定冰盖下复式断面流场、流速的模型试验中,水体中的运动粒子是重点研究对象。粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)技术已在水力学研究领域得到普遍应用,但该技术在冰盖下复式断面渠道模型试验的应用为国内首次。基于试验特点,设计砖砌混凝土的循环水箱,采用变频器配合水泵、流量计实现对流量的定量控制,对不同流量下不同断面的流场、流速进行测定,采用PIV技术对水体中运动的粒子的位移场进行具体分析。试验结果表明,PIV分析结果能够直观反映流场中的状态,且可以避免测量盲区,其所测的流速与多普勒超声测速仪测得值吻合较好,并给出了横向流速分布图,弥补了传统方法无法获得冰盖下的流场分布的难题。     

土工格栅加筋包边填砂路堤模型试验研究

为探究包边填砂路堤荷载作用下的极限承载力特性、破坏形态规律及加筋性状,设计了土工格栅加筋包边填砂路堤结构,改装美国GCTS公司的USTX-2000动静三轴加载装置进行加载,通过改变加筋层数、筋材布置长度及包边土厚度对土工格栅包边填砂路堤进行一系列试验。对不同工况下包边填砂路堤的极限承载力、封层及坡面法向累积变形、位移变化进行研究。试验结果表明:土工格栅加筋和增加包边土厚度可以显著提高包边填砂路堤的极限承载力,并能减小封层中、封层右及坡顶、坡中的法向累积变形;无筋路堤的滑动面在路堤内呈折线状且并未通过坡脚侵入地基,在坡顶的黏土和砂芯交界处产生最大位移;土工格栅加筋及增加包边土厚度可以使滑动面向路堤内部迁移但形态不变,且最大位移处向路堤内部迁移。     

基于SWAT分布式流域水文模型的下垫面变化和水利工程对径流影响分析

近年来随着人类活动的加剧,兴建了许多中、小型水利和水土保持工程,迅速改变着流域的自然面貌,因而改变了径流的原有规律。选取1960以前水利工程较少的时期作为人类活动不明显期来率定SWAT模型参数,对于1990以后人类活动稳定期的径流分别设置3个情景:应用原SWAT模型、应用只考虑下垫面变化的SWAT模型和应用考虑下垫面变化和水利工程影响的SWAT模型分别进行模拟。对于五道沟以上流域和流域内东丰、磐石、样子哨3个子流域模拟结果显示:考虑下垫面变化和水利工程影响后的径流模拟相关系数R2和纳什效率系数NSE分别从0.82、0.56提高到0.91、0.79,分别提高了11.0%和41.1%。其中模拟精度的提高量中91.3%是由于考虑水利工程作用所引起的,剩余部分是由考虑下垫面变化引起的。相比下垫面变化,水利工程运行对该流域径流变化占据主导作用。     

Implementation of land and ecosystem accounts at the European Environment Agency

The European Environment Agency has started the implementation of a programme of land use and ecosystem accounts, following the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts (SEEA) guidelines of the United Nations. The purpose is to integrate information across the various ecosystem components and to support further assessments and modelling of these components and their interactions with economic and social developments. This programme reflects the increasing demand for environmental policy integration in Europe, both vertically through thematic policies as well as horizontally across policies in those sectors that contribute most to environmental impacts. The construction of land and ecosystem accounts is now feasible due to continuous improvements in monitoring, collecting and processing data and progress with the development of statistical methods that facilitate data assimilation and integration. The accounts are based on explicit spatial patterns provided by comprehensive land cover accounts that can be scaled up and down using a 1 km² grid to any type of administrative region or ecosystem zone (e.g., river basin catchments, coastal zones or bio-geographic areas). Land cover accounts have been produced for 24 countries in Europe and first results published in the European Environment State and Outlook2005 report of the EEA.¹     

寒冷地区电站长距离输水明渠冬季运行方式探讨

通过大量工程资料收集和类似工程经验分析,对寒冷地区引水式水电站长距离输水明渠在冬季各种输、排冰运行方式的适用性进行了对比分析,着重对结冰盖运行方式的建筑物布置、流量控制和水位控制等进行深入分析和研究,提出了完整的分段壅水结冰盖输水方式的输水渠道建筑物布置、水位运行控制的设计和运行控制方法,消除了寒冷地区电站输水长明渠冬季运行中的冰冻危害问题,并成功运用于实际工程设计和运行。