Trade-offs in sulfur emission trading in Europe

How to implement emission trading is one question in the current negotiations on a new sulfur protocol in Europe. Whereas the current protocol stipulates a 30 percent uniform reduction, national emission ceilings included in the proposed new protocol imply differentiated reductions. In addition, emission and fuel standards are proposed. This paper examines the costs and environmental impacts of emission trading. Emission trading combined with regulations is a new element in the paper. Calculations using the RAINS (Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation) model suggest that overlaying emission trading on regulations not only reduces the cost savings but has beneficial impacts as well: ecosystem protection is not changed and significant decreases in environmental benefits for countries are largely avoided. Emission trading can also be used to decrease emissions and increase ecosystem protection. If combined with existing legislation, emission trading minimizes losses in expected environmental benefits for some countries, and most countries gain. However, the initial distribution of emission ceilings has to be used so that some countries are not confronted with higher costs. Trade-offs appear to exist between the use of emission trading to achieve cost savings on the one hand, and ecosystem protection and distributional equity on the other.     

园林工程造价控制

结合园林建设的工程造价管理的实际情况，从园林建设的全过程系统地、多方位地探讨了工程造价控制的优化问题，以期能给园林建设的投资方、建设方及从业人员提供一些参考。     

基于Markov链的物流园区需求灰色预测模型改进

物流因区是一项大型基础设施投资项目，在规划与设计上需要有一定的超前意识，而需求预测则是园区规划超前意识的重要依据。目前。国内外对物流园区需求预测方法的研究和实践基本上还处于发展阶段．至今尚未形成完整科学、操作性强的方法体系，现有的需求预测大体上是借鉴史通运输规划的模型．进行研究的过程中灰色模型预测有局限性。其预测结果与真实值之间存在一定误差，因而可以考虑利用Markov链提出改进方案。     

Phytoplankton as biomonitors: A study of Museum Lake in Government Botanical Garden and Museum,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala India

An assessment of the pollution status of Museum Lake in the Thiruvananthapuram Botanical Garden and Museum was conducted. Analysis of different community structures of the planktonic taxa in the lake revealed it is organically polluted, attributable to the organic litter from riparian vegetation. A total of 30 most pollution‐tolerant phytoplankton genera and 24 pollution‐tolerant species were identified. Pollution‐tolerant phytoplankton genera in the lake included Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae. Scenedesmus, Pinnularia, Euglena, Ankistrodesmus, Closterium, Crucigenia, Kirchneriella, Merismopedia and Oscillatoria were some of the phytoplankton pollution tolerant genera whereas, Nitzschia palea, Synedra acus, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Pandorina morum and Trachelomonas volvocina were some of the pollution tolerant species noted. Excessive nutrient loading from the surrounding area is definitely degrading the quality of this urban lake ecosystem. Detailed information regarding the pollution status of a waterbody is very important in this regard, noting it ultimately assists in undertaking proper management of a waterbody. The Palmer Algal Index score for Museum Lake was 37, indicating it is highly organic enriched. The results of different algal indices (e.g. Chlorophycean Index; Nygaard Index) indicated a eutrophic condition for Museum Lake, being attributed to its increased organic enrichment. Canonical correspondence analysis between environmental variables and the microalgal bioindicators also highlighted the influence of the physical and chemical parameters on phytoplankton abundance and distribution in Museum Lake.     

滇池环湖截污干渠错峰技术模拟与分析

为了实现滇池流域截污效果的最大化,基于前期建立的东岸排水管网SWMM模型,结合该区域1995-2016年间降雨资料,研究环湖截污干渠的错峰调蓄技术。根据雨水干渠液位高度执行不同控制模式:当水位低于6.76 m时执行典型污染物浓度阈值控制模式;当水位高于6.76 m时执行典型污染物阈值控制的同时执行液位-污染物通量控制模式。采用SS和TN作为干渠截流的典型污染物控制指标,其控制浓度阈值分别取12和5 mg/L。模拟重现期为0.5~1 a降雨时SS、TN浓度-负荷通量调蓄方案下干渠负荷收集情况,结果表明两种调蓄方案均能有效提高雨水干渠的负荷收集率,提高污水干渠出口浓度,降低雨水径流对污水厂的高水量和低浓度冲击负荷。随着重现期增大,干渠对污染物的高效和最大化收集效果越明显。但是TN调控下污染负荷收集效果优于SS,因此选择TN作为干渠截流的最优典型污染物控制指标。     

城市园林绿地的生态效益

从生态学角度论述了城市园林绿地的生态效益,论证了绿色植物对城市环境的重要性.     

香山静宜园香山寺相地选址及布局 理法浅析

通过文献分析和实地调研，探索北京静宜园香山寺的历史沿革，分析其相地选址、建筑布局理法，并简述其艺术价值。香山寺坐落于“藏风聚气、背风向阳”的西山东坡山腰的脊线之上，在选址方面充分体现“得体合宜”之相地要领，巧妙地利用了自然的有利生态条件，满足了人居环境的基本需求。香山寺内建筑主要沿中轴布置，起承转合，形成颇具特色的“上宫下寺”的结构，错落的佛殿与自然完美融合，在景观营造方面颇具艺术性。     

生态园林城市规划理论研究

分析了生态园林城市的概念及提出背景;对园林城市、生态园林城市、生态城市建设理论模式进行了辨析;探讨了生态园林城市规划理念,即整体协调发展理念、综合要素统筹理念、有限目标理念、城市开敞空间管制理念、科学指标体系理念;指出生态园林城市实现生态化的主导途径为城市结构生态化和城市功能生态化;提倡在继承、发展和保护的基础上规划生态园林城市的主体--生态园林绿地系统.     

寺庙园林造园意匠研究——以宁波天童寺 为例

：寺庙园林作为中国古典园林三大主流类型之一，历 史底蕴深厚，文化内涵丰富，具有重要的研究价值。与皇家 园林的气势恢宏、私家园林的精致细腻不同，基于佛教文化 背景产生的寺庙园林，有着独树一帜的造园特色。以宁波天 童寺为例，从整体布局、相地风水、植物配置、理景艺术等方 面对寺院的“匠心”布局进行分析，从视境、声境、嗅境、味 境和触境五境对寺庙园林造园“意境”进行阐述，总结寺庙园 林造园意匠特征，丰富传统园林文化理论，传承与弘扬我国传 统文化。     

从山水城市到公园城市——中国城市发展 之路

“公园城市”是生态文明思想在城市建设领域的体现，为中国新时代城市发展指出了方向。“公园城市”理念是继承中国古代城市建设思想，吸取国外城市建设经验，针对新时代社会发展的需求而提出的。山水城市是中国古代城市的主要特征，在近代吸收花园城市等国外城市理论而发展，20世纪90年代钱学森院士提出“山水城市”理念。梳理山水城市的历史流变，认为公园城市与山水城市存在内在关联性，是山水城市在新时代的发展范式。