Why are Small Firms Different? Managers’ Views

Do incentives differ between large and small organizations? Results from a representative survey of compensation managers are used to shed light on the issues. I find that (i) small establishments rely less on pecuniary incentives, and have a significantly more hostile attitude towards incentive schemes based on competition and relative rewards; (ii) large units are more vulnerable to mechanisms of efficiency wages, effects that remain even after controlling for differences in monitoring ability; (iii) large units are more prone to indicate that negative reciprocity is important, and that their employees care about relative pay. I argue that these findings fit with behavioral stories of incentives and motivation, in particular those stressing group interaction effects, inequity aversion and gift exchange.     

LABOUR SUPPLY ESTIMATION AND PUBLIC POLICY

Abstract. Economists devote considerable energies towards refining their econometric techniques to overcome difficulties connected with conducting empirical research. Despite advances in technique. it is not clear whether further refinement in this direction is worthwhile for policy purposes. It may be that no further amount of statistical adjustment of inadequate data will increase understanding, and that better data is simply necessary to add to our knowledge. But rarely is sufficient credit paid to new forms of data. In short, econometric technique is emphasized to the neglect of data innovation, as if new data were merely lying about waiting for an ingenious suggestion for use. This paper surveys advances of the last twenty five years in estimating labour supply for policy purposes with a view towards appreciating the relative contribution of both improvements in econometric technique as well as developments of new data.
After briefly detailing the key parameters which economists have sought to estimate, we describe the early 'first generation' research (circa 1970), which is plagued by problems of unobservable variables, measurement errors, truncation and selectivity bias, and non linear budget constraints. 'Second generation' research constitute attempts to resolve one or more of these difficulties, and the respective contribution of econometric technique and new data is acknowledged and assessed, including the contribution of data generated by large scale social experiments in which participants are randomly assigned to different guaranteed income plans and their labour supply behaviour measured.     

Economics and underdetermination: a case study of urban land and housing economics

Underdetermination, associated with the Duhem–Quine thesis,is a familiar if under-researched theme in economics. In thelight of this, we examine the development of urban land andhousing economics. Through its Cartesian dualistic delineationof theory and data, the contemporary mainstream approach appearsunable to circumvent the problem of underdetermination. In effect,it employs the strong version of Duhem–Quine in its retentionof the assumption of a single, unitary competitive market (andassociated access–space trade-off). Conversely, we highlightthe affinity of Ely's (and the later Columbia School's) approachto pragmatists Dewey and Peirce, which provides a more fruitfulbasis for explanation.     

空间下弦式液压滑模在小孤山水电站调压井的应用

文中论述了在张掖小孤山电站洞压井的竖井井筒部位采用空间下弦式液压滑模进行衬砌施工的过程,该技术的应用减少了钢材的消耗量,降低了爬升系统的运行难度,整体抗变形能力加强,保证了工程质量.     

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION ON QUASI-3-D GROUNDWATER FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING TO AVOID SPURIOUS OSCILLATION

In this article, the finite element solution of quasi-three-dimensional (quasi-3-D) groundwater flow was mathematically analyzed. The research shows that the spurious oscillation solution to the Finite Element Model (FEM) is the results choosing the small time step ?t or the large element size L and using the non-diagonal storage matrix. The mechanism for this phenomenon is explained by the negative weighting factor of implicit part in the discretized equations. To avoid spurious oscillation solution, the criteria on the selection of ?t and L for quasi-3-D groundwater flow simulations were identified. An application example of quasi-3-D groundwater flow simulation was presented to verify the criteria. The results indicate that temporal discretization scale has significant impact on the spurious oscillations in the finite-element solutions, and the spurious oscillations can be avoided in solving practical quasi-3-D groundwater flow problems if the criteria are satisfied.     

浅谈"MAPGIS"在鄱阳湖地理信息系统中的应用

通过对鄱阳湖水下地形测量数据的入库操作,介绍了瑞得数据向MAPGIS数据转换的详细过程,阐述了转换过程中可能存在的问题,并提出了相应的解决办法.     

三峡泄洪2￣#坝段位移场的确定性时空分布模型

应用线弹性、粘弹性有限元数值计算方法，以空间多个测点的观测资料为依据，引入测点坐标建立三峡泄洪２＃坝段空间位移场的确定性模型。该模型可以动态监测泄洪２＃坝段在任一组荷载下的位移场，以此分析和评价大坝变形性态。     

Sampling Errors for Water Resources Design: The Need for Improved Hydrometry in Developing Countries

In recent years, there has been a marked decline in the amount of hydrological data being collected in many parts of the developing world. This paper reviews some of the arguments in favour of the continued collection of hydrological data. The technical case is based on the need for long record lengths in order to obtain a reasonable estimate for the mean and variability of river flows. Estimates are presented for the dependence of the standard error on record length for the case of the main sample statistics, for reservoir design and for flood estimation. Typical values are presented both in general terms and for some specific historical time series. The current status of hydrological data collection in Africa is then contrasted with the situation in Europe before concluding with the results of several case studies of schemes in Africa and Asia whose operational performance has been affected due to insufficient hydrological data.     

丹江口水利枢纽建立水库调度历史数据库

水库在多年运行中积累的大量数据资料，是科学调度水库的有用信息，数据库技术是科学管理这些信息有效工具，本文介绍了丹江口水利枢纽水库调度历史数据库系统的设计目标，运行环境，功能，结构和操作等，其设计目标是方便迅速地为水库高度工作提供原始数据或统计数据；系统采用长城微机，使用速度快，兼容性强的ＦＯＸＢＡＳＥ数据库管理系统软件，通过ＮＯＶＥＬＬ网络系统供网内用户调用；系统功能有六项，即查询，统计、打印、续     

特大洪水演变过程及不确定性研究项目专题(二)——溃决形成专题的试验数据和结论

特大洪水演变过程及不确定性研究项目专题(IMPACT)之WP2专题(即溃决形成专题)的重点是通过对大坝或防水堤的研究来提高预测溃决形成的能力.其核心工作是将现场试验和室内试验(现场试验和室内试验的数据可以相互对照、比较以确定有效性和了解基本的溃决形成过程)与数字模型试验联系起来进行比较和分析.另外,还考察了影响溃坝地址的各种因素,也对与溃坝模型相关的不确定性进行了考察.