基于乡村历史演进与问题导向的实用性村庄规划编制逻辑探讨

目的 研究旨在立足历史与问题导向,建立一套系统性的村庄规划编制逻辑框架以提升村庄规划实用性。方法 文章通过文献归纳法梳理了新中国成立以来乡村及村庄规划的演进特征,运用演绎法构建了“本体论—认知论—方法论”实用性村庄规划编制逻辑框架。结果 （1）新中国成立以来乡村发展经历了以恢复与稳定发展为主要特征的第一周期（1949—1978年）,以高速发展为主要特征的第二周期（1978—2017年）和以城乡融合高质量发展为主要特征的第三周期初期（2017年至今）。相应地,村庄规划经历了初步探索阶段、雏形建构阶段、快速完善阶段、全面建构阶段、精准实用阶段,提升“实用性”成为关键命题。（2）本体论强调培育人地和谐的空间规划价值观,认知论强调村庄规划要深化对“3个关系”以及“5个关键问题”的认知,方法论强调村庄规划要重点做好“三生空间”基本格局与发展要素优化配置。结论 提升村庄规划的“实用性”需要规划师以乡村发展历史和问题为导向,坚持“有所为有所不为”的宏观历史耐心、“紧密联系实际与群众”的中观分析思维以及“精准配置与细部设计相结合”的微观技术方法。

DISCUSSION ON THE LOGIC OF PRACTICAL VILLAGE PLANNING BASED ON RURAL HISTORICAL EVOLUTION AND PROBLEM ORIENTATION

This study aims to analyze the stage characteristics and existing problems of rural development based on history and situation orientation and establish a systematic, logical framework of village planning to improve the practicability of village planning. This research combed the evolution characteristics of rural and village planning since the founding of the new People''s Republic of China through literature induction, and constructed the practical, logical framework of "Ontology-Cognitive theory-Methodology" by using the deductive method. The results showed that rural development in China had experienced three periods since the founding of the People''s Republic of China, characterized by recovery and stable growth during 1949-1978, rapid development during 1978-2017, and high-quality development of urban-rural integration since 2017. Accordingly, village planning had undergone preliminary exploration, prototype construction, immediate improvement, complete construction, and accurate and practical stages. As a critical issue for village planning research, the focus on improving practicability should be needed. The logical framework of practical village planning consisted of three parts: ontology, epistemology, and methodology, and followed the scale effect from macro to micro. Ontology emphasized the value of spatial planning for cultivating human-nature harmony. Epistemology underlined that we should deeply understand the significant relationships of urban-rural, internal practical village planning, superior-subordinate planning, and the five critical questions of population, industry, culture, resources, and environment. Furthermore, the methodology highlighted that village planning should pay attention to the optimal allocation of the basic pattern of "three living spaces" and development elements. Therefore, to improve the practicability of village planning, planners need to be guided by the history and problems of rural development, adhere to the macro-historical patience of doing something and not doing something, the meso analytical thinking of closely connecting with reality and the masses, and the micro technical method of combination between proper configuration and detailed design. The findings provide a framework for improving the practicability of village planning and answering questions in village planning such as what kind of planning concept to establish, what to focus on, what to focus on planning, and how to implement, which has theoretical reference significance for systematically carrying out village planning.