The determinants of the internationalization speed of Portuguese university spin-offs: An empirical investigation

The speed of internationalization of firms has attracted considerable research in the last few decades. However, with regard to a particular type of firm, university spin-offs (USOs), this line of research is still incipient. A majority of the studies on USOs highlights their main features but does not focus on internationalization. Based on the responses from 111 Portuguese USOs, of which 78 are exporters, econometric estimations indicate that: (1) the internationalization speed of USOs is critically dependent on support from technology transfer offices; (2) in line with the “learning advantages of newness” perspective, younger Portuguese USOs reveal higher levels of entrepreneurial spirit and entrepreneurial capabilities, being in a better position to internationalize earlier than older USOs; (3) USOs that operate in microelectronics/robotics internationalize faster and earlier than USOs operating in ICT/software/digital media; and (4) in contrast with the literature on born globals/international new ventures, greater involvement in R&D activities slows down the early internationalization process of USOs.