The Non-Trivial Choice between Innovation Indicators |
| |
| Authors: | Alfred Kleinknecht Kees Van Montfort Erik Brouwer |
| |
| Institution: | 1. Faculty Technology, Policy and Management , Delft University of Technology , Jaffalaan 5, BX Delft, NL-2628 E-mail: a.kleinknecht@tbm.tudelft.nl;2. Department of Econometrics , Free University , Amsterdam;3. SEO, Foundation for Economic Research , University of Amsterdam |
| |
| Abstract: | We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of five alternative innovation indicators: R&D, patent applications, total innovation expenditure and shares in sales taken by imitative and by innovative products as they were measured in the 1992 Community Innovation Survey (CIS) in the Netherlands. We conclude that the two most commonly used indicators (R&D and patent applications) have more (and more severe) weaknesses than is often assumed. Moreover, our factor analysis suggests that there is little correlation between the various indicators. This underlines the empirical relevance of various sources of bias of innovation indicators as discussed in this paper. |
| |
| Keywords: | R& D Innovative Output Total Innovation Expenditure Patents Factor Analysis |
|
|
