Lead exposure and violent crime in the early twentieth century |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Harvard University, Littauer Center 318, 1805 Cambridge St., Cambridge, MA 02138, United States;2. University of California, Berkeley, Barrows Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States;1. Université Paris 8, Bureau D116, 2 rue de la Liberté, 93200 Saint Denis, France;2. Rutgers University, New Jersey Hall, 75 Hamilton Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States;3. Banque de France, 46-1383 DGEI-DCPM-DIACONJ, 31 rue Croix des Petits Champs, 75049 Paris Cedex 01, France;1. Curtin University, School of Marketing, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia;2. Delhi Technological University, Delhi School of Management, Bawana Road, Shahbad Daulatpur, New Delhi 110042, Delhi, India;1. Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia;2. Office of Research, Endeavour College of Natural Health, 269 Wickham St, Fortitude Valley, Qld 4006, Australia;1. Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA;2. Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA;3. Department of Geographical & Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Iowa City, IA;4. Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH |
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| Abstract: | In the second half of the nineteenth century, many American cities built water systems using lead or iron service pipes. Municipal water systems generated significant public health improvements, but these improvements may have been partially offset by the damaging effects of lead exposure through lead water pipes. We study the effect of cities' use of lead pipes on homicide between 1921 and 1936. Lead water pipes exposed entire city populations to much higher doses of lead than have previously been studied in relation to crime. Our estimates suggest that cities' use of lead service pipes considerably increased city-level homicide rates. |
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