Opportunistic shirking behaviour during unpaid overtime |
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| Authors: | Michael J. Lopez Brian M. Mills |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA;2. Department of Tourism, Recreation, &3. Sport Management, College of Health &4. Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA |
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| Abstract: | We identify the presence of shirking by Major League Baseball umpires during indefinite unpaid overtime, as defined by extra innings. In the presence of new information about expected game length, umpires exert biases in ball and strike calls consistent with opportunistically reducing the likelihood of working additional time. General implications with respect to the effectiveness of salaried workers during unpaid overtime hours are discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Shirking personnel economics baseball generalized additive models |
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