A model of non-central production in a monocentric city

This paper develops a model of production outside the CBD in a monocentric city. The production process is a retail process, and consumers make costless circumferential shopping trips to retail producers. These producers use labor and building space to produce their output, and retail workers commute circumferentially to work at zero cost. The model is tested using detailed commercial data from several cities, and the tests do not fully support the model.