世界“六大”洲国花设立现状研究

目前世界“六大”洲195个国家中已有79个国家明确设立了官方国花,其中拥有2种以上国花的国家4个,5个国家发生了国花的变更(增补或废止)。设立国花的国家数占该地区国家总数的比例由高至低依次为北美和中美洲(简称NC-美洲)、南美洲、亚洲、大洋洲、非洲和欧洲。官方未确认(包括民间约定的非官方)国花33个;未设立国花的国家83个。79个国家的85种官方国花设立时间大多集中在1961—2016年间,还有25个国花的设立时间不明确。85个官方国花隶属37个科69个属79种,其中位居前6位的科依次是兰科(11)、豆科(8)、菊科(7),锦葵科(5)、木犀科(4)和蔷薇科(4)。国花选设中亚洲、NC-美洲和南美洲国花选设主要以观赏性为主,非洲以观赏性和特有、濒危物种保护为主,欧洲则兼顾了历史文化、象征意义和原产及生态价值。还补充或纠正了部分国家国花的设立信息,分析发现国花的变更与历史、物种保护或经济因素相关,在国花的设立中应更重视保护特有、珍稀濒危物种。此外,在调查过程中发现3个阻碍调研的难题,即不同国家对国家生物象征的概念不统一、国花缺少物种拉丁学名、民间约定与官方公示的国花存在差异性。通过对世界各国国花设立现状进行分析,为中国国花的设立提供借鉴

Analysis of the Establishment Status of NationalFlowers in Six Continents of the World

To date, 79 of the 195 countries in six continents haveestablished their national flowers. Among these, 4 countries established twoor more national flowers, and 5 countries have been recorded to change(addition or abolition). The establishment ratio of official national flowersof six continents from high to low is North and Central America (NC-America), South America, Asia, Oceania, Africa and Europe. There are 33unconfirmed national flowers (including non-official national flowers) and83 countries that have not established official national flowers. A majorityof the 85 official national flowers in 79 countries were established between1961 and 2016. There are still 25 official national flowers with undefinedestablishment time. The 85 official national flowers belonged to 37families, 69 genera and 79 species. The top six families were Orchidaceae(11), Leguminosae (8), Compositae (7), Malvaceae (5), Oleaceae (4) andRosaceae (4). Among the selection reasons of official national flowers,ornamental aesthetic was the major reason in the countries of Asia, NC-America and South America. African countries took ornamental aesthetic,protection of endemic and endangered species as the main reasons, whilehistory/culture, symbolism, original and economic value were all taken intoaccount in European countries. This paper also supplements or correctsthe establishment information of some national flowers. It is found thatthe change of national flower is related to history, species protectionor economic factors. In the establishment of national flower, moreattention should be paid to the protection of endemic and endangeredspecies. Besides, 3 difficult issues appeared in this study, i.e. differentconceptions used in different countries to represent official biologicalsymbols, lack of Latin names when national flowers were announced,existing of cognitive difference between conventional and officialflowers in different countries. Through the study of the establishmentstatus of national flowers in the world, it may provide reference for theestablishment of national flowers in China.