War and the political zeitgeist: Evidence from the history of female suffrage |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Surgery, Shreveport, LA;2. Department of Neurosurgery, Shreveport, LA;3. Ochsner-LSU and the John C McDonald Regional Transplant Center, Willis-Knighton Health System, Shreveport, LA;4. Union College, Schenectady, NY;5. Department of Transplant and Cancer at House Medicine, Los Angeles, CA;6. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;7. Department of Surgery, UTHSC, Knoxville, TN;1. Department of Economics, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany;2. Institute for Public Finance II, University of Freiburg; and Bielefeld Graduate School of Economics and Management, Bielefeld University, Germany;1. IE Business School, Spain;2. City University of New York, USA |
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| Abstract: | Despite the upheaval associated with warfare, empirical evidence linking conflict with institutional development is limited. This paper examines the hypothesis that international wars accelerated democratization by fostering political inclusion. Employing survival analysis, I find that during the 20th century, nations engaging in external conflict were more than twice as likely to extend the franchise to women in the post-conflict period, even after controlling for other commonly cited determinants of suffrage adoption. I explore several potential mechanisms for this association and find evidence consistent with stories which connect war with increased national unity, ideological fervor, and international posturing. Finally, examining conflict-induced changes in sex ratios and female labor force participation suggests that the underlying determinants of suffrage expansion at the national and sub-national level differ. |
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