Cash Transfer Programs with Income Multipliers: PROCAMPO in Mexico |
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| Institution: | 1. China Institute for Income Distribution, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, XinJieKouWai St., HaiDian District, Beijing 100875, China;2. School of Economics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;3. Department of Economics, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK;4. School of Economics, Renmin University of China. HaiDian District, Beijing, China;1. Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany;2. Department of Heart-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Germany;3. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Hannover Medical School, Germany;4. Institute for Biometry and Medical Informatics, University of Magdeburg, Germany;5. Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK |
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| Abstract: | Cash transfer programs create multiplier effects when recipients put the money they receive to work to generate further incomes. When this is the case, the ultimate income effects are multiples of the amounts transferred. We analyze the PROCAMPO program in Mexico that was introduced to compensate farmers for the anticipated negative effect of NAFTA on the prices of basic crops. The transfer rules and the timing of the panel data collected allow unique control of biases in this impact analysis. We find that the multiplier among ejido sector recipients is in the range 1.5–2.6. Multipliers are higher for households with medium and large farms, low numbers of adults in the household, nonindigenous backgrounds, and located in the Center and Gulf regions. High multipliers reflect income opportunities that had remained unrealized due to liquidity constraints that are relaxed by the transfers. Opportunities come from the asset endowments that these households received through the land reform, particularly irrigated land, and they are enhanced by access to technical assistance. |
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