丘陵山区农民专业合作社发展的时空分异与演变特征以重庆市为例

目的 以重庆市为例， 基于2001—2018年农民专业合作社微观面板数据，探究丘陵山区农民专业合作社发展的时空分异与演变特征，以期为农民专业合作社的建立与发展提供参考。方法 文章采用最近邻指数、Ripley''s L指数、核密度分析等方法，对农民专业合作社的时空分异和演变特征展开研究。结果 （1）从时间序列上看，农民专业合作社数量变化呈现3个增长阶段：2001—2006年低速增长，2007—2010年快速增长，2011—2018年缓慢增长。农民专业合作社产业类型由少变多并逐步趋向综合类发展；（2）在空间扩展上，农民专业合作社整体先从渝西、渝中地区向渝东北扩展，再扩展至三峡库区带，但不同产业类型各阶段空间分布特征相异且变化明显；（3）在空间格局上，农民专业合作社除渝东南地区分布较少外其余地区均分布较广，除牲畜、家禽、花木、果蔬产业呈随机分布外，其余产业及合作社整体呈显著聚集分布；（4）不同产业类型农民专业合作社对空间尺度的依赖性不同。牲畜、家禽、花木、果蔬、食用菌、粮油6类合作社随着空间距离的增加集聚强度先增强后减弱；（5）空间集聚分布呈现差异化，各产业类农民专业合作社均形成单个或多个集聚中心，主要聚集中心为奉节县、渝西地区。结论 自2001年以来，随着重庆经济的发展和乡村振兴战略的逐步推进，重庆市农民专业合作社持续发展，改变了原本主要以规模分散生产经营的家庭作业模式。因此，今后应依托其优越的区位条件、不断增强的消费需求，利用信息技术、科学管理办法，培育出更高效、更能凸显当地特色的农民专业合作社。同时也要扎实推进渝东南地区新型农业经营主体的培养工程。

THE SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION AND EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FARMER PROFESSIONAL COOPERATIVES IN HILLY AND MOUNTAINOUS AREASA CASE STUDY IN CHONGQING

Studying Chongqing as a case and based on the micro-panel data of farmer professional cooperatives from 2001 to 2018, this paper explores the spatiotemporal differentiation and evolution characteristics of farmer professional cooperatives in hilly and mountainous areas, hoping to provide policy implications for the formation and development of farmer professional cooperatives. Spatiotemporal differentiation and evolution characteristics of farmer professional cooperatives were analyzed by calculating nearest neighbor index, Ripley''s L index, kernel density estimation. The results showed that: (1) From the perspective of timeseries, the changes of farmer professional cooperatives data indicated three stages: steady growth in 2001-2006, rapid growth in 2007-2010, and slow growth in 2011-2018. The number of industrial types of cooperatives had changed from small to large and it gradually evolved into comprehensive type. (2) In terms of spatial expansion, farmer professional cooperatives as a whole firstly expanded from the western and central areas of Chongqing to the northeast of Chongqing, and then expanded to the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. However, the spatial distribution characteristics of different industrial types of farmer professional cooperatives at each stage were different and the changes are significant. (3) In terms of spatial pattern, farmer professional cooperatives were widely distributed in Chongqing except for the southeast region. Except for livestock, poultry, flowers and trees, and fruit and vegetable industries that were randomly distributed, the other industries and cooperatives as a whole are significantly clustered. (4) The dependence on spatial scale was different for different industrial types of farmer professional cooperatives. As spatial distance increases, the agglomeration intensity of six industrial types including livestock, poultry, flowers and trees, fruits and vegetables, edible fungi, and grains and oils first increases and then decreases. (5) The pattern of spatial agglomeration appeared different. Different industrial types of farmers'' professional cooperatives had formed single or multiple agglomeration centers and the main agglomeration centers are Fengjie County and Western Chongqing. Since 2001, with the development of Chongqing''s economy and the gradual advancement of the rural revitalization strategy, Chongqing''s farmer professional cooperatives had continued to develop and had changed the previous family work pattern that was mainly based on scale decentralized production and operation. Therefore, in the future, it should rely on its location advantages and increasing consumer demand and use information technology and scientific management to cultivate farmer professional cooperatives that are more efficient and can highlight local characteristics. At the same time, it is also necessary to solidly cultivate new type of agricultural business entity in Southeast Chongqing.