权力、道德与永久和平——汉斯·摩根索国际政治思想再阐释

汉斯·摩根索的国际政治思想需要重新解读。作者重新阐释了其现实主义六原则,认为实际上在没有这六原则的《国家间政治》第一版中,摩根索的理论思想已然完整清晰,并持续至第七版。同时还原了其理论理解和政治行动的两分:即争强权和求和平。摩根索对国际政治的理论理解为:国际政治,像所有政治那样,是争取权力的斗争。在理论理解基础上的求和平过程中,摩根索首先将从国际政治理论推演上均势的不可能同实际历史中经典时代的均势全盛之实际生成相对照,引入道德共识这一因素作为均势成功的补充,并得出结论:均势得以存在和维系数百年,最根本在于依赖道德共识。而摩根索认为解决他那个时代的唯一可行及牢靠的方式是永久和平,即,只有当所有国家放弃主权,全球变为一个国家时,国际间牢靠的永久和平才能实现,第一步能做的是复兴外交。而这种外交中,多有之前所谓道德共识因素的影子,区别在于外交复兴的目的不是均势而是永久和平。在摩根索那里,国际政治中的现实主义思想的最终目的地是永久和平。

Power,Morality and Permanent Peace:A New Interpretation of the International Thought of Hans Morgenthau

The international thought of Hans Morgenthau needs a new interpretation. His thought can be divided into understanding of international politics and understanding of the problem of international peace, in other words, struggle for power and struggle for peace. He argues that International politics, like all politics, is a struggle for power. In the process of struggling for peace, Morgenthau finds that the balance of power is unrealistic but there does exist a period of flowering in real history; so, moral consensus is introduced as a factor, without which the balance of power could not be attained. Due to the terrible situation of his times and the impossibility of going back to old times, Morgenthau argues that the only way to solve the problem of peace is to go beyond the modern state system, i.e., there can be no permanent international peace as secure as domestic peace unless all the states have given up their sovereignty. Therefore, the ultimate future of the political realism in Morgenthau’s thought is permanent peace.