中国集体林产权制度改革回顾与展望

采用历史产权制度研究方法,利用详实的历史数据与信息,系统地分析改革开放以来中国集体林产权制度改革每个重要时期的改革内容与进程以及集体林地林木流转制度演化历程,发现改革开放四十年中国集体林所有权和家庭经营的基因没有变,变的是集体林地承包经营权的实现形式;指出集体林产权制度变迁道路中的困惑;提出未来集体林产权制度的选择路径。

Evolutions and Recapitulation of the Reform of Collective Forestland Tenure in China since 1978

⑴ Background——After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC was held in 1978,China made great achievements and increased the income of farmers. Farmers in collective forest region hope to get the same autonomy in production and operation as those engaged in agriculture. In 1981,the State Council of the Central Committee of the CPC issued an official document,which opened the prelude to China's collective forestland tenure reform since the reform of economy and openness to the outside. The collective forestland tenure reform in the 1980 s provided a reference and basis for the follow-up reform. In China's forest resources,the area of collective forestland accounts for about 60% of the area of forestland in China. Collective forest plays an important role in the supply of timber and other forest products and ecosystem services and products.⑵ Results——The main experiences of the implementation of collective forestland tenure reform are as follows: ①Since 1978,the reform of collective forestland tenure has not changed the essential attribute of collective land ownership. ②Household-based management arrangement since the 1980 s is an important experience of the collective forestland tenure reform since the reform of economy and openness to the outside. ③The main theme of the times is the change of rules for rules-making,including the changes of ideology and constitution. Governments at all levels are willing to relax their control over collective forests voluntarily. Household-based management of collective forests and the transfer of collective forests become possible and put into practice. The difficulties in the reform of collective forestland tenure are shown in the following aspects. ①China's collective forestland tenure reform experiences strong administrative intervention,and economic measures need to be strengthened. ②There are many requirements for unity and insufficient regional differences. ③There is a problem of serious fragmentation of collective forestland. ④There are many and complex disputes on collective forestland and trees.⑶ Conclusions and Discussions——The development of new management organizations with economies of scale is the direction of future collective forestland tenure reform in China. Future policies need to be strengthened in the following areas: ① To design the path and compensation method for farmers' withdrawal from the membership of collective economic organizations. ②To strengthen the financial support and personnel training of new forestry management organizations. At the initial stage of the establishment of these new forestry management organizations,the government should solve their financing problems and take the road of professionalization and specialization. ③To help them to resolve forestland and forest disputes. ④To provide social services for new forestry management organizations and solve the technical and policy problems they face in daily operation. ⑤The government departments need to increase investment in infrastructure such as fire prevention and pest control in forest regions. ⑥To encourage the new forestry management organizations to take the road of horizontal and vertical integration,to make full use of forest resources and extend the industrial chain. ⑦To develop professional skills training of farmers and improve social security level of farmers. ⑧To establish a legal and policy system to guarantee the safe property rights of collective forestland,and to help to establish the confidence of the new forestry management organizations in carrying out long-term forestry management.