侵权法“过错证明负担规则”缺陷之矫正——基于比较法上的考察

各国侵权法规则适用于产品责任领域最突出的缺陷在于原告承受对被告过错的证明负担,如原告不能满足举证要求,将面临损害不能获得赔偿的风险。在现代化、不透明生产条件下,由原告证明被告的过错,不仅非常困难,而且违背公平理念。在保护消费者利益的目标引导下,各国对于侵权法规则缺陷的弥补均致力于减轻原告对被告过错进行证明的负担,例如英美的事实自证原则,德日的过错推定和举证责任倒置规则以及法国的缺陷即过错,均志在为遭遇举证困难缺陷产品的受害人提供证明之帮助。

Tort law "fault proof burden rules" shortage rectification——inspection based on comparative law

In the case of product defect,bringing a claim in tort is not always easy.The main disadvantage is to prove by the plaintiff that the defect occurred in the manufacturing process.Under the consumer protection policy,many countries tried to introduce new rules to reduce the proof burden on plaintiffs,including negligence established by means of res ipsa loquitur in America,the fault presumption and the shifted proof burden on defendants in German and Japan,the rule of "defect is fault" in france.