美国乡村衰败的特征、应对措施及其经验启示

目的 乡村衰败是国内外城市化进程中呈现的一种普遍现象，在城市化推进过程中，城市繁荣与乡村衰败形成了鲜明对比。由于较早进入工业化和城市化阶段，国外发达国家及地区的乡村衰败出现较早，其应对乡村衰败的经验丰富且相对成熟，梳理发达国家及地区乡村衰败的应对经验及理论模式对中国乡村振兴战略的实施具有一定借鉴意义。方法 文章首先回顾了美国城市化发展历程，分析其城乡人口流动最新趋势，从人口、就业及物质设施等方面梳理城市化背景下美国乡村衰败的基本特征，总结其应对乡村衰败实践经验及理论探讨。结果 从美国的案例中可以看出，城市对乡村的发展至关重要，至少可从三个方面获得解释。结论 美国乡村衰败应对历程对其他国家乡村问题解决具有多个经验启示，具体包括从城市化历史进程中去理解乡村衰败现象、重视城市对乡村的带动及反哺作用、承认乡村的地域差异并采取不同应对措施、重视互联网技术在乡村振兴中的作用等等，上述经验启示对中国乡村振兴战略实施具有一定借鉴意义。

THE CHARACTERISTICS, COUNTERMEASURES AND ENLIGHTENMENT TO CHINA OF AMERICAN RURAL DECLINE

Rural decline is a common phenomenon in the process of urbanization at home and abroad. With the continuous advancement of urbanization, the prosperity of cities is in sharp contrast to the decline of villages. Due to the early stage of industrialization and urbanization, rural decline in foreign developed countries and regions appeared earlier, therefore their experience in dealing with rural decline is relatively mature. Thus, sorting out the countermeasures and theoretical model of rural decline in these countries and regions has certain reference for the implementation of rural revitalization strategy in China. This paper first reviewed the development process of urbanization in the United States, analyzed the latest trend of urban and rural population mobility, sorted out the basic characteristics of rural decline in the United States under the background of urbanization from the aspects of population, employment and material facilities, and summarized its practical experience and theoretical discussion in coping with rural decline. As can be seen from the United States case, cities were crucial to the development of rural areas and can be explained in at least three ways. The response process of rural decline in the United States has many experience implications for other countries to solve rural problems, including understanding rural decline in the historical process of urbanization, paying attention to the role of cities in driving and nurturing rural areas, recognizing the regional differences of rural areas and taking different countermeasures, and paying attention to the role of Internet technology in rural revitalization. The above experience enlightenment have certain reference significance for the implementation of China''s rural revitalization strategy.