Driving forces and rates of landscape change as a promising combination for landscape change research—An application on the northern fringe of the Swiss Alps |
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| Institution: | 1. Ackersteinstrasse 103, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland;2. Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Switzerland;3. Chair of Nature and Landscape Protection, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland;1. Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, No. 250, Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan;2. Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;3. Department of Civil and Disaster Prevention Engineering, National United University, Taiwan;4. Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan;1. ICAAM – Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, 7000 Evora, Portugal;2. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark;1. School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States;2. Keller Science Action Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, United States;1. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany;2. University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Walter-Flex-Str. 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany;3. (Geography & GIScience), Department of Social Sciences, Human Services & CRJ, BMCC, City University of New York, New York, NY 10007, United States;4. Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Geosciences and Geography, Sustainable Landscape Development, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 4, 06120 Halle, Germany;1. School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China;2. Key Laboratory of Geographical Information System, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China;3. School of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, 418 Guanglan Road, Nanchang 330013, China;4. Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology and Geographical Environment Monitoring, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, China |
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| Abstract: | Landscape change is driven by various actors and forces which trigger a specific rate of change. Today, many landscapes change in a direction and with a rate considered unsustainable. Historical insights on actors, driving forces and resulting changes can provide a valuable basis to efficiently control or direct changes. In this paper actors and driving forces of landscape change of the last 120 years are studied in five areas on the northern fringe of the Swiss Alps. Rates of landscape change were reconstructed based on maps. Expert interviews with farmers, politicians, planners and historians as well as historical documents helped in identifying actors and driving forces of the detected landscape change. The contributions of actors and driving forces to landscape change were analyzed by type of driving force (political, economic, cultural, technological and natural/structural). The analysis revealed some key forces, like technological innovations and attitudes and beliefs, operating on several institutional levels and influencing landscape change on a broad basis. Comparing the municipalities disclosed no significant differences regarding the relative contributions of different actors. However, a comparison of the time period before and after World War II revealed distinctive differences in relevant actors and driving forces. Thus, decision-making, policy, and planning must be aware of changing actors and driving forces over time. |
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