基本生活需要研究进展:理论视角和测量实践

基本生活需要在民生保障体系中具有重要位置。通过回溯基本生活需要相关理论视角,归纳这一概念的由来、主要内容和测量经验,总结已有研究的主要观点与发展趋势,能够为今后基本生活需要的理论辨析和实证测量提供借鉴。相关研究表明,基本生活需要是一种社会认可的维持和保护人的健康及其自主能力必不可少的需要,具体内容包括人的生理需要、文化需要和社会参与需要;已有理论脉络先后经历了生理、能力、目标和权利等研究视角的转换,开展了生理需要、生活需要和需要战略等代表性测量实践,采用单一收入方法或多维指标方法展开需要测度具有广泛应用前景。重视人的基本社会参与需要的测量、深化最低生活需要与基本生活需要的比较、探讨基本生活需要的多维满足途径,是拓展基本生活需要理论研究的方向。

A Summary of the Research on Basic Needs:Theoretical Perspective and Measurement Practice

Basic needs play an important role in the livelihood security system.This paper summarizes the origin,main contents and measurement experience of this concept,and reflects on the existing research trends,consensus and disputes by sorting out rel evant theoretical perspectives of basic life needs,which can provide reference for theoretical discrimination and empirical measure ment of basic life needs in the future.Relevant studies have shown that basic needs are an essential need,which must be recog nized by the society to maintain people's health and independence.The contents of basic needs include people's physiological needs,cultural needs and societal participation.Existing research perspectives include physiology,capacity,social goal and social right,and a number of countries and international organizations have carried out the practice of measuring basic needs.It is the di rection of expanding the theoretical research on basic life needs and constructing the needs-oriented social policy system to attach importance to people's basic social participation,promote the connection between the content of minimum living needs and basic life needs,and realize the multi-dimensional fulfillment of basic life needs.