Winners and Losers in Transition: Returns to Education, Experience, and Gender in Slovenia |
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| Authors: | Orazem Peter F; Vodopivec Milan |
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| Institution: | Peter F. Orazem is in the Department of Economics at Iowa State University, and Milan Vodopivec is in the Policy Research Department at the World Bank. The authors are grateful to the Statistical Office, the Pension and Invalid Fund, and the Employment Office of Slovenia for providing the data used in this analysis; to Debabrata Das and Ruth Wu for careful research assistance; and to seminar participants at the World Bank and three anonymous referees for useful comments. |
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| Abstract: | This article, using an unusually rich data set on Slovenianworkers over the 1987–91 period, explores changes in thestructure of wages and employment produced by transition toa market economy. Employment and real wages fell dramaticallyover the period, but the losses were borne disproportionatelyby the least skilled. Across all sectors of the economy, relativewages and employment rose for the most-educated workers. Womengained in comparison with men, primarily because women occupiedsectors less adversely affected by the transition. Pension policies,which encouraged retirement, are shown to have drastically reducedemployment of experienced workers and helped contribute to risingreturns to skill. Increases in returns to education and experiencecontributed to rising wage inequality, but the variance of wagesincreased for workers with identical skills as well. |
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