中美国家科技决策体系:国家、部委和项目层面的比较研究

中美两国拥有迥然不同的国家科技决策体系,其差异具体体现在国家、部委和项目3个决策层面。基于宏观视角比较研究了中美国家科技计划决策体系,从两国科技计划决策体系总体特征、决策层面、决策过程、决策环境入手,剖析中美国家科技计划决策过程背后的逻辑。结果发现,美国科技决策体系为典型的"自下而上"式决策结构,上层决策主体多元而分散,存在政治分肥;下层执行主体清晰,决策独立集中。中国则为"自上而下"式决策结构,上层主体明确,战略决策集中有效;下层执行主体分散,缺乏专业化管理。研究结论为决策者和研究者提供了一个比较清晰的框架,加深了对中美科技决策的理解,有助于促进中美科技对话与交流。

Sino-US Public Science and Technology Decision-Making System:a Comparative Research Based on the Perspective of Nation,Ministry and Project

China and the United States have quite different Public Science and Technology Project System .The difference is mainly reflected in the level of nation ,ministry and project through decision‐making process .This paper focusing on the general characteristics of the S&T systems ,the decision‐making level ,the decision‐making specific process and the envi‐ronment studies the macro perspective of Sino‐US science and technology projects and the characteristics of decision‐mak‐ing and analyzes the logic behind .The S&T policy decision‐making system in the US is a bottom‐up process with diverse and dispersed principals on the top with the spoils characteristic and independent and concentrated executives on the bot‐tom ;by contrast ,Chinese policy‐making system is a top‐down process .The decision‐making power is concentrated in the hands of a small number of senior leaders with effective S&T strategies ,while the underlying implementation level is dis‐persed and under the cross‐sectoral collaboration .In this paper ,we mainly aim to provide a clear framework for research , to deeply understand the decision‐making process in China and US and to strengthen Sino‐US S&T dialogues and exchan‐ges .