Tourism development,energy consumption and Environmental Kuznets Curve: Trivariate analysis in the panel of developed and developing countries |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Canal Campus, Lahore, Pakistan;2. Energy Research Centre, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan;3. IPAG Business School 184 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006 Paris, France;4. Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia;5. Department of Business Administration, IQRA University, Karachi 75300, Pakistan;1. Department of Geography, University of Malaga, Campus of Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain;2. Department of Social Psychology, Social Work, Social Antropology and East Asian Studies, University of Malaga, Campus of Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain;3. Faculty of Tourism, University of Malaga, Campus of Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain;1. Australian Institute of Business (AIB), 27 Currie Street, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia;2. School of Management, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia;1. School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;2. School of Tourism and Cuisine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China;3. School of Economy and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;4. College of Economics, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150022, China;5. School of Foreign Language, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China;6. School of Economics and Management, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China;1. GOVCOPP – Research Unit in Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policy, Portugal;2. Department of Economics, Management and Industrial Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal;3. CEFAGE – Center of Advanced Studies in Management and Economics, University of Évora, Portugal;1. Center for Economic Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China;2. International School of Economics and Management, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, PR China;1. Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;2. Faculty of Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai Johor, Malaysia;3. Department of Economics, University of Wah, Quaid Avenue, Wah Cantt, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The study investigates the relationship between economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, tourism development, energy demand, domestic investment and health expenditures with an aim to test the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the panel of three diversified World's region including East Asia & Pacific, European Union and High income OECD and Non-OECD countries. The study covers the period of last nine years i.e. 2005–2013. The study used the principal component analysis (PCA) to construct tourism development index which is the amalgamation of number of tourists' arrivals, tourism receipts and international tourism expenditures. The results validate the inverted U-shaped relationship between carbon emissions and per capita income in the region. The results further substantiate the following causal relationships i.e. i) tourism-induced carbon emissions, ii) energy-induced emissions, iii) investment – induced emissions, iv) growth led tourism, v) investment led tourism and vi) health led tourism development in the region. |
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| Keywords: | Tourism development Carbon dioxide emissions Per capita GDP Energy demand Gross fixed capital formation Health expenditures Panel techniques |
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