Coproduction of ecosystem services as human–nature interactions—An analytical framework |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;2. Social and Participatory Action Research Group, Department of Social Anthropology, Basic Psychology and Public Health, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain;3. Forestry School, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura, Plasencia 10600, Spain;1. GREThA, University of Bordeaux, Avenue Léon Duguit, 33608 Pessac, France;2. CED, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 501050 Bruxelles, Belgium;1. Social-Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Edificio de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c. Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain;2. Sociology of Climate Change and Sustainable Development research group, Department of Political Science and Sociology, University Carlos III, Madrid, Spain;3. Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;1. Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, 21111 Chemin Bord-du-Lac, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada;2. Department d''Economia i Història Econòmica Facultat d''Economia i Empresa Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Edifici B, Despatx B3-110 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain;3. Integrated Water Resources Management Program, Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, 21111 Chemin Bord-du-Lac, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada;4. Natural Resource Sciences Department, McGill University, 21111 Chemin Bord-du-Lac, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada |
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| Abstract: | There seems to be widespread consensus in the ecosystem services literature that benefits from ecosystems are not produced by ecosystems independently of humans, but arise because of people’s interactions with an ecosystem. Yet, these interactions are hardly ever explicitly investigated in a way that directly contributes to the ecosystem services debate. Here, we empirically examine the role of humans in the generation of ecosystem services, and the factors that might help us to understand diversity in these processes.We analyzed 47 qualitative interviews with people using a mixed woodland–farmland–upland ecosystem in Fife, Scotland, for a variety of activities. Interviewees mentioned a wide range of ecosystem services, especially provisioning and cultural services, which were closely connected to human activities in the place. We term the interactions between people and place that lead to ecosystem services here ‘co-production’, and distinguish between: (a) the co-production of ecosystem structures; (b) the co-production of the services proper and (c) the attribution, i.e., construction, of meaning to these structures and services. All three processes could be carried out by individuals or jointly, by groups of people, and the social nature of the interaction often added meaning and value to the co-production process. Two sets of factors, clustered under the headings of ‘identities’ and ‘capabilities’, shaped these interactions, and helped us to understand variation in people’s engagement with the ecosystem as well as their views on ecosystem disservices.While further research is needed to explore the usefulness of our analytical framework in other contexts, our findings suggest that identities and capabilities of people have to be considered much more strongly than is currently the case in standard ecosystem services assessments, as these influence which ecosystem structures are eventually turned into benefits, and give important insights into the environmental justice related to the distribution of ecosystem benefits. |
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| Keywords: | Cultural ecosystem services Capabilities Co-construction Disservices Identity Scotland Woodlands |
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