A stand of trees does not a forest make: Tree plantations and forest transitions |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Program, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden;2. Stockholm Resilience Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;3. Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA;4. Intramural Research Department, American Cancer Society Corporate Center, Atlanta, GA, USA,;1. National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Ravala 10, Tallinn 10143, Estonia;2. Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Ravila 14c, Tartu 50411, Estonia;1. CIBIO – Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto/InBIO – Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, PT-4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;2. Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N, PT-4169-007 Porto, Portugal;1. Universidade de São Paulo/IB/Departamento de Ecologia, São Paulo, SP Brazil;2. Universidade de Sorocaba/Núcleo de Estudos Ambientais, Sorocaba, SP Brazil;3. Universidade de São Paulo/ESALQ/LCB/Laboratório de Mamíferos, Piracicaba, SP Brazil;4. Universidade de São Paulo/CENA/LEI, Piracicaba, SP Brazil;5. Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción (CONICET-Prov. ER-UADER), Fac. Ciencia y Tecnología, Diamante, Argentina;1. School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Australia;2. Alfred Deakin Institute, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia;3. Institute of Geography and Sustainability, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;4. University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute (UCCRI), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom;5. Department of Social Forestry and Forest Governance, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines;1. Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Burnaby, Canada V5A 1S6;2. Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Burnaby, Canada V5A 1S6 |
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| Abstract: | Global afforestation and reforestation incentive programs call for the increase in tree cover, including plantations, which supply global pulp and wood demand, energy, food, and carbon markets. Tree plantations that replace native forests, cultivated agriculture, or previously cleared land are essentially commodity crops, with global market drivers, and do not provide the same ecosystem services as native forests. Nonetheless, they are counted as ⿿forest⿿ by global programs. We test whether 1) the forest transitions framework (FTF), which typically explains reforestation, adequately describes the socio-economic drivers of plantation establishment and 2) descriptions of the effects of land cover change on ecological processes are obscured when tree plantation and native forest classes are aggregated. We used longitudinal multi-temporal satellite imagery (1985⿿2001) to map and analyze plantation systems across a 35,853 km2 area in southern Chile at the plantation frontier. As predicted by the FTF, plantations were established in foothills of predominantly agricultural watersheds rather than in watersheds dominated by native forests or in flat, agriculturally productive areas. Half of the plantations were planted on agricultural or cleared lands that were deforested years ago. Counter to predictions of the FTF, the other half of the plantations replaced native forests. Tree plantations were not associated with rural population loss; instead their establishment was related to the amount of potential usable land. We find that when native forests and tree plantation classes are disaggregated, land in coastal catchments that were converted to tree plantation is related to lower quality nearshore resources; analyses that aggregate plantations with native forests obscure this effect. |
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| Keywords: | Plantations Forest transitions Afforestation Reforestation Land-sea interface |
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