Green accessibility: Estimating the environmental costs of network-time prisms for sustainable transportation planning |
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| Institution: | 1. Geography, Environment and Society, University of Minnesota, 414 Social Science Bldg, 267 19th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States;2. Department of Geography and Center for Urban and Regional Analysis, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States;3. Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, PO Box 873005, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, United States;4. Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, College Avenue Commons, Room 474, 660 S. College Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States;1. Department of Civil Engineering and Construction Engineering Management, California State University, 1250 Bellflower Blvd. MS 5101, VEC 506, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States;2. Department of Civil Engineering and Construction Engineering Management, California State University, 1250 Bellflower Blvd. MS 5101, Long Beach, CA 90803, United States;3. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, United States;1. 777 Glades Road, Building SO 44 Room 284, School of Urban and Regional Planning, Florida Atlantic University, United States;2. School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 5320, United States;1. University of São Paulo, School of Public Health, Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health (NUPENS), Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715, CEP: 01255-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;2. Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;3. University of Oxford, Transport Studies Unit and Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea) - SBS - Quadra 1 - Bloco J - Ed. BNDES, CEP: 70076-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Accessibility, or the ease to participate in activities and obtain resources in a given environment, is crucial for evaluating transportation systems. Greater accessibility is often achieved by increasing individuals' potential mobility. However, potential mobility, if realized by motorized modes, can also generate negative environmental impacts such as fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While the negative environmental impacts of greater mobility are acknowledged, there has been a lack of research to validate those impacts using empirical data, especially considering variations in individuals' mobility levels. This paper presents a method for estimating the expected environmental costs of accessibility represented by a network-time prism (NTP). A NTP delimits all accessible locations within a network and the available time for an individual to present at each location given a scheduled trip origin and destination, a time budget and the maximum achievable speeds along network edges. Estimating the expected environmental costs of a NTP involves three steps: (1) semi-Markov techniques to simulate the probabilities to move along network edges at given times; (2) the speed profiles for reachable edges, and (3) a cost function that translates speeds into environmental impacts. We focus on air quality and employ the motor vehicle emission simulator MOVESLite to estimate the CO2 emissions at both the edge and prism levels. We calibrate and validate the methods for experimental NTPs defined within the Phoenix, AZ, USA road and highway network using vehicles instrumented with GPS-enabled onboard diagnostic devices (OBD). We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method through two scenarios and investigate the impact of changes in mobility levels on the expected CO2 emissions associated with the experimental NTPs. |
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