效率工资、租金分享与企业工资收入差距——基于第一次全国经济普查工业企业数据的实证研究

企业利润对工资差距的影响究竟来自效率工资还是来自租金分享,这是理论界和政策制定者共同关心的问题。文章利用2004年第一次全国经济普查数据实证分析发现:(1)企业利润是解释我国企业工资差距的重要因素,这主要由效率工资导致。(2)国有企业存在租金共享,但它不是通过企业利润实现的,而是利用行业垄断地位直接将职工高工资转化为企业成本实现的。(3)集体企业存在着租金共享。(4)外资企业也存在租金共享,但存在租金共享的外资企业同时具有更高的效率。(5)私营企业存在效率工资。与其他所有制企业不同的是,对私营企业而言,行业垄断不但不能提高反而会降低职工工资水平,或反过来说,产品市场竞争有利于提高职工工资水平。最后,文章针对性地给出了一些缩小企业工资差距的政策建议。

Efficiency Wage,Rent Sharing and Enterprise Wage Gap:Empirical Study Based on Industry Enterprise Data of the First National Economic Census

The effects of efficiency wage and rent sharing on wage gap is of great concern.Based on the data of the first national economic census in China,the empirical study shows that: firstly,enterprise profit is an important determinant of enterprise wage gap,which is largely due to efficiency wage;secondly,there exists rent sharing in state-owned enterprises,which is not achieved by enterprise profit but a conversion of high wage to enterprise cost through industry monopoly;thirdly,there exists rent sharing in collective enterprises;fourthly,as for foreign enterprises,they also share monopoly rent but the ones with rent sharing have higher efficiency;fifthly,there exists efficiency wage in private enterprise.In contrast to enterprises with other ownership,as for private enterprises,industry monopoly could not raise but lower the wage level of workers;on the other hand;product market competition is advantageous to raise the wage level of workers.Finally,it gives some suggestion about shortening the enterprise wage gap.