Gender differentials in farming efficiency and profits: The case of rice production in the Philippines |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Kemper and Ethel Marley Foundation Chair, Morrison School of Agribusiness, W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University, 7231 E Sonoran Arroyo Mall, Mesa, AZ 85212, United States;2. Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, 204D Farrell-Westbrook Hall, Nashville, TN 37209, United States;3. Principal Scientist and Division Head, Social Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines;1. Philippine Rice Research Institute, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3119, Philippines;2. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4301, Philippines;3. Institute for Sustainable Agro-Ecosystem Services, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1880002, Japan;1. Dpt. Sustainability Science and Applied Geography, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 16, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;2. Dpt. Community Ecology, UFZ – Helmhoboltz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany;3. Institute of Physical Geography and Landscape Ecology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 50, 30167 Hannover, Germany;4. Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research – ZALF, Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany;5. Department of Development Communication, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay, Leyte 6521, Philippines;6. Faculty of Management Sciences, Institute of Policy and Management (IPAM), VNU-University of Social Sciences and Humanities Hanoi, 336 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam;7. iDiv, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;8. Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines;1. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;2. Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Stellenbosch University, South Africa;1. Plant Production Systems, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Social Sciences Division, IRRI, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines |
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| Abstract: | Women make essential contributions to the agricultural and rural economies in all developing countries. Rural women are involved in a variety of production and farm management activities. In the Philippines women engage more intensively in agricultural work than men. However, Filipino women’s actual contribution to food production and the rural economy remains undervalued, if not invisible. Using the average treatment effect and farm-level data from the Philippines, this study investigates the effect of gender on farming efficiency, profits, and costs of rice production. Results indicate that female-headed farm households, despite having limited access to land, have higher values of rice production than their male counterparts. However, female-headed households have higher fixed, seed and labor input costs, consequently earning lower profits. In addition, female-headed farm households have lower irrigation costs. Findings from this study also indicate that women are less efficient in farming, but are more likely to adopt improved seed varieties. |
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| Keywords: | Gender Average treatment effect Rice Female-headed farm households Farming efficiency Profits |
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