The value of green walls to urban biodiversity |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University Road, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;2. Geography & Environment, University Road, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;1. Urban Greening & Biosystems Engineering Research Group, Area of Agro-Forestry Engineering, Universidad de Sevilla, ETSIA Ctra, Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain;2. Urban Greening & Biosystems Engineering Research Group, Department of Agro-Forestry Sciences, Universidad de Sevilla, ETSIA Ctra, Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain;1. Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria 3121, Australia;2. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Group, Department of Infrastructure Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia;3. Graduate School of Design, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;1. MAP-ARIA Laboratory UMP CNRS, ENSAL (National Architecture School of Lyon), University of Lyon, 3 Rue Maurice Audin, 69120 Vaulx-en-Velin, France;2. LafargeHolcim Research Center, LafargeHolcim, 95 Rue du Montmurier, 38070 Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France;1. GREA Innovació Concurrent, Edifici CREA, Universitat de Lleida, Pere de Cabrera s/n, 25001, Lleida, Spain;2. Departament d’Enginyeria Mecanica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 7 43007, Tarragona, Spain;3. Buresinnova S.A., Barcelona, Spain;4. Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad de Almería, Almería, 04120, Spain;1. School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia;2. Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;3. Barbara Hardy Institute, School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Despite increased interest in the implementation of green walls in urban areas and the recognised benefits of monetary valuation of ecosystem services, no studies have been undertaken to estimate the economic value of biodiversity they provide. The valuation of natural resources allows policy makers to justify resource allocation. Using the Southampton, UK, as a case study, this paper estimates the public’s perceived value of green walls to urban biodiversity, in the form of their willingness to pay (WTP). Estimates were derived using a random parameter model that accounted for socio-economic and attitudinal determinants of choice, using choice experiment data. Three green infrastructure policies were tested; two green wall designs (‘living wall’ and ‘green façade’) and an ‘alternative green policy’; and compared against ‘no green policy’. Results indicated a WTP associated with green infrastructure that increases biodiversity. Attitudinal characteristics such as knowledge of biodiversity and aesthetic opinion were significant, providing an indication of identifiable preferences between green policies and green wall designs. A higher level of utility was associated with the living wall, followed by the green façade. In both cases, the value of the green wall policies exceeds the estimated investment cost; so our results suggest that implementation would provide net economic benefits. |
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| Keywords: | Green infrastructure Green wall Living wall Green façade Choice experiment |
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