Zoning effects on housing change vary with income,based on a four-decade panel model after propensity score matching |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California-Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;2. Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;2. Department of Sociology, George Washington University, Washington, DC;3. Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention, James. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee;4. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee;5. Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California;1. Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, P.O. Box 55, 1332 Østerås, Norway;2. Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway;3. Buskerud Telemark Vestfold County Councils, Fylkeshuset, P.O. 2163, NO-3103 Tønsberg, Norway |
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| Abstract: | Zoning is one of the oldest policy tools for regulating private land use, but its effect on housing change is disputed. We define housing change as the difference over time in the number of housing units in a given jurisdiction. We conducted a cross-jurisdictional study of zoning effects on housing change, comparing zoned and unzoned townships in Michigan, USA (n = 709) after propensity score matching. Four-decade (1970–2010) panel models predicted zoned townships to have on average 2.2% fewer housing units a decade after zoning adoption compared to similar unzoned townships, but this effect was tempered by other variables. Higher-income townships had more housing units a decade after zoning adoption compared to higher-income unzoned townships, whereas lower-income townships with zoning had fewer housing units than similar unzoned townships. This study highlights the heterogeneous effects of zoning on rural and exurban housing change. |
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| Keywords: | Land-use change Zoning policy Exurban growth Land conservation Panel analysis |
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