Risk analysis of water scarcity in artificial woodlands of semi-arid and arid China |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Sociology, Colorado State University, Clark B-233, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;2. Department of Sociology, Colorado State University, Clark B-240, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;1. Department of Education and Personnel Development, Researcher in the Department of Macroeconomics and Agricultural Economics scientific team, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Poland;2. Faculty of Economic Sciences, Koszalin University of Technology, Poland;3. Department of Macroeconomics and Agricultural Economics, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Poland;1. Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium;2. Department of Management, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia;3. Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium;4. Economics and Rural Development, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium;5. Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Ethiopia;6. Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Iran;1. Department of Geospatial and Space Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya;2. Transportation and Geo-Information Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion ? Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel |
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| Abstract: | All activities are inherently risky, including seemingly beneficial activities such as ecological restoration. However, small risks are easy to ignore, even if they may accumulate to create a large cumulative risk. Therefore, the long-term ecological benefits and risks of any ecological restoration project must both be considered. However, quantitative evaluation of the risk of afforestation in arid and semi-arid regions has been insufficiently studied. Here, we present a method for evaluating the risk associated with ecological restoration, using water shortages in artificial woodlands in China’s arid and semi-arid regions as an example of cumulative risk. We found an annual risk that amounted to 5174 RMB ha?1 in 2014, which was 17% of the ecological service value of the forests. However, this cost depends on changes in the price, availability, and use of water in these regions. If ecological degradation occurs, it will trigger a series of serious consequences, and its cost may far exceed the expected benefits. Our inability to predict natural disasters such as drought and the problem of imperfect communication among stakeholders must be considered to achieve ecological restoration. The method described in this paper will provide theoretical support for future risk evaluations and guidance for the allocation of natural resources such as water, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful environmental management. |
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| Keywords: | Risk analysis Cost–benefit analysis Artificial woodlands Ecosystem restoration Arid regions Semi-arid regions Water scarcity |
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