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Non-compliance in national parks: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour model with pro-environmental values
Affiliation:1. Blue Mountains International Hotel Management School, Torrens University Australia, 1 Chambers Road, Leura, NSW 2780, Australia;2. School of Business, Tourism Cluster University of Queensland, Australia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;1. School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia;2. School of Accounting, Curtin Business School, Curtin University of Technology, Australia;1. Nature-based Tourism Research Group, School of Arts (Tourism), Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia;2. Nature-based Tourism Research Group, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia;3. Nature-based Tourism Research Group, School of Arts (Chair of Tourism), Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia;1. The Centre for Poverty and Development Studies, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;2. International Business School (IBS), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;3. Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;4. Environmental Science, Institute of Graduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;5. Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, International Islamic University, Malaysia;6. Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract:Non-compliance at national parks is a major problem around the world. This study focused on visitors' intentions to venture off-trail at the Blue Mountains National Park, Australia (BMNP). An extension of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) with the new ecological paradigm of pro-environmental values (NEP) was developed and tested to understand visitors’ off-trail intentions. We surveyed 325 BMNP visitors through convenience sampling. Subjective norm was the strongest predictor followed by attitudes. The role of perceived behavioural control was not significant. The proposed extended TPB model had a marginal relationship between pro-environmental values and intentions using regression analysis. The overall study results suggested that the role of pro-environmental values is more suitable for predicting general environmental worldviews as compared to the TPB being more suitable for predicting specific behavioural intentions.
Keywords:Theory of planned behaviour  Pro-environmental values  Non-compliant behaviour  National parks
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