中国近代对外贸易中华商与洋商关系之辨析

在中国近代对外贸易中,华商与洋商的关系在不同时期随着政治、经济、科技条件的变化而有所改变:19世纪四、五十年代,由于华、洋商人各具优势,对外贸易需合作完成,双方由相互"依附"而达成"共生关系";六、七十年代,条约体制确立,贸易范围扩大,华商参股洋商企业,洋商更注意对中国国内贸易施加影响,双方在"合作"中有竞争;八、九十年代,"商战"观念的传播及贸易方式的变革,推动华、洋商之间关系向"市场竞争关系"转变。

On the Interaction between Chinese Merchants and Western Merchants during the History of Modern China's Foreign Trade

During the history of Chinese modern foreign trade, the relationship between Chinese merchants and western merchants was changing along with the development of political,economic and scientifi c situations. At the fi rst stage which is from 1840s to 1850s, both of Chinese merchants and western merchants had their own advantages respectively, so they needed to cooperate with each other to do business. Their relation should be called "the relationship of attachment and symbiosis". At the second stage that is from 1860s to 1870s, Treaty System had been established, and Chinese merchants became stronger than before, the relationship between them should be called "cooperative and competitive relationship". At the third stage that is from 1880s to 1900, because the concept of "commercial war" was becoming popular among the Chinese merchants, scholars and officials, as well as mode of trade changing, "the relationship of market competition" between Chinese and western merchants gradually formed.