Life-cycle economic model of small treatment wetlands for domestic wastewater disposal |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Geology Department, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-4101, USA;2. Biology Department, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA;1. Dpt. Zoology and Animal Cellular Biology University of the Basque Country Box. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain;2. Dpt. Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology University of the Basque Country Box. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain;3. Dpt. Aquatic Ecology and Animal Biology University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;1. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China;2. Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of Metal, Beijing, 100083, PR China;3. Environmental Engineering Institute, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Beijing, 100160, PR China;1. Dpt. Zoology and Animal Cellular Biology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain;2. Centre Ecotox/Oekotoxzentrum EAWAG-EPFL. EPFL-ENAC-IIE-GE Station 2 (GR B0 391), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland;3. Dpt. Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain;4. Dpt. Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain;1. Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Anavissos, 19013 Attica, Greece;2. Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, Anavissos, 19013 Attica, Greece;1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece;2. First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece;3. Laboratory of Biotechnologies Applied to Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, Anesthesiological and Geriatrical Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
Total system life costs (capital cost and ecological based on released pathogens) were modeled for two-cell domestic treatment wetland systems and compared to costs of traditional and emerging technology systems. Small treatment wetlands that were operationally effective for 20-years had net present value (NPV) costs $500–3000 less than those of sand filter systems. The same treatment wetlands were modeled as releasing ∼4 times pathogens, thus having a much higher ecological cost than sand filter systems. Wetland systems modeled using the highest possible pathogen treatment efficiencies still released ∼2 times the pathogens of sand filter systems. Treatment wetlands must function a minimum of 10 years before replacement in order to remain equivalent in cost to a sand filter lasting 20-years using a 6.25% discount rate. The maximum allowable installation costs for any alternative system (with no annual expenses) were $6675–7700 if required to be equal in total system NPV costs to wetlands. NPV costs were found to be particularly sensitive to uncertainties in installation and maintenance costs. Modeling indicated that the capital savings realized using wetland systems could be used to modify the simple 2-cell design such that both capital and ecological loads delivered to the environment could be minimized. Wetlands may provide a more sustainable option for communities if effluent is centralized and treated in an appropriately scaled wetland system. |
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