四十年中国经济体制的三次革命*

改革开放40年来中国经济体制经历了三次革命，即农村家庭联产承包责任制、国有企业改革和供给侧结构性改革。家庭联产承包责任制实现了农村土地集体所有权与经营权的分离，“革”了人民公社集体生产经营体制（“大锅饭”体制）的“命”。国有企业改革依次进行了企业身份转换（企业与政府关系变革）、企业经营权变革和产权制度改革三阶段革命，使国有企业由政府的附属物转变为社会主义市场经济体制的微观主体之一。供给侧结构性改革不但是对经济结构进行调整、优化和升级，更重要的是通过进一步市场化改革和政府改革重构政府与市场关系。目前，这三次革命还远没有完成，需要加大加强加深改革开放。

THREE REFORMS OF CHINESE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OVER THE PAST FORTY YEARS

The Chinese economic system has undergone three revolutions in the past 40 years since the reform and opening up, namely, the rural household contract responsibility system, the reform of state owned enterprises and the structural reform of the supply side. The household contract responsibility system has realized the separation of the collective ownership of rural land and the management right, and has“evolutionized” the collective production and management system of the peoples commune (the “big pot rice” system). The reform of state owned enterprises has successively carried out three stages of revolution: the transformation of enterprise identity (the transformation of the relationship between enterprises and the government), the transformation of enterprise management rights and the reform of property rights system, which has transformed the state owned enterprises from the appendages of the government into one of the micro entities of the socialist market economic system. Supply side structural reform is not only to adjust, optimize and upgrade the economic structure, but also to reconstruct the relationship between the government and the market through further market oriented reform and government reform. At present, these three revolutions are far from being completed, and we need to step up our efforts to deepen reform and opening up.